Chapter No.

5
Long Term Investment

Chapter No. 6
Cash Flows Valuation

Dr. Salman Masood Sheikh

M.Com, MBA, M.Phil, PhD, FCMA, FPFA, ACPA, AM-IFMP, AITM,
CA (Int)
Associate Member IFA – (UK)
Associate Member IPA – (AUS)
Associate Member – BAFA (UK),
Certified EOMS Professional (USA)
Dean, Faculty of Economics and Commerce
Key Concepts and Skills
1. Understand what is meant by "the time value of money."
2. Understand the relationship between present and future value.
3. Describe how the interest rate can be used to adjust the value of cash flows – both
forward and backward – to a single point in time.
4. Calculate both the future and present value of: (a) an amount invested today; (b) a
stream of equal cash flows (an annuity); and (c) a stream of mixed cash flows.
5. Distinguish between an “ordinary annuity” and an “annuity due.”
6. Use interest factor tables and understand how they provide a shortcut to calculating
present and future values.
7. Use interest factor tables to find an unknown interest rate or growth rate when the
number of time periods and future and present values are known.
Chapter Outline
Single Amount Investments
◦ Calculation of Future Value FV = PV (FVIFk%, ny)
◦ Calculation of Present Value PV = FV (PVIFk%, ny)
◦ In Case of Future Value
◦ Calculation of Rate of Interest
◦ Calculation of No. of Years of Investment
◦ In Case of Present Value
◦ Calculation of Rate of Interest
◦ Calculation of No. of Years of Investment
Chapter No. 5

Long Term Investments

Computational Aids (Compounding and Discounting)
Time Line (End of Year)
Time Line
Interest Types:

Compound Interest:
Interest earned on both the initial principal and the interest reinvested
from prior periods.

Simple interest:
Interest earned only on the original principal amount invested.
Simple Interest
With simple interest, you don’t earn interest on interest.
Year 1: 5% of $100 = $5 + $100 = $105
Year 2: 5% of $100 = $5 + $105 = $110
Year 3: 5% of $100 = $5 + $110 = $115
Year 4: 5% of $100 = $5 + $115 = $120
Year 5: 5% of $100 = $5 + $120 = $125
Compound Interest
With compound interest, a depositor earns interest on interest!
Year 1: 5% of $100.00 = $5.00 + $100.00 = $105.00
Year 2: 5% of $105.00 = $5.25 + $105.00 = $110.25
Year 3: 5% of $110.25 = $5 .51+ $110.25 = $115.76
Year 4: 5% of $115.76 = $5.79 + $115.76 = $121.55
Year 5: 5% of $121.55 = $6.08 + $121.55 = $127.63
Future Value & Compounding:

Future Value:
The amount an investment is worth after one or more period.

Compounding:
The process of accumulating interest on an investment over time to earn
more interest.
Calculation of Future value:

FVn = PVn (FVIFk%, ny)

l u e
va e
◦ Where : re lu
a st
tu
u ent ere r v
◦ FVn is Future value F
is res t ea
in
◦ PVn is Present value FV n is P e of r of y
V n ra t be
P is m
◦ FVIF is Future value interest factor u
k% is N
◦ k% is rate of interest ny
◦ ny is Number of year
Future
Future Value
Value
Single
Single Deposit
Deposit
Assume that you deposit $1,000 at a compound interest
rate of 7% for 2 years.

0 1 2

$1,000 7%
FV2
FV2 = PV (FVIFk%,ny)
FV2 = $1,000 (FVIF7%,2)
= $1,000 (1.1449) = $1,144.9
Future Value Table Future value interest factor of $1 per period at k% for n
periods, FVIF(k%, n)
n 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
1 1.0100 1.0200 1.0300 1.0400 1.0500 1.0600 1.0700 1.0800 1.0900 1.1000 1.1100 1.1200 1.1300 1.1400 1.1500 1.1600 1.1700 1.1800 1.1900 1.2000
2 1.0201 1.0404 1.0609 1.0816 1.1025 1.1236 1.1449 1.1664 1.1881 1.2100 1.2321 1.2544 1.2769 1.2996 1.3225 1.3456 1.3689 1.3924 1.4161 1.4400
3 1.0303 1.0612 1.0927 1.1249 1.1576 1.1910 1.2250 1.2597 1.2950 1.3310 1.3676 1.4049 1.4429 1.4815 1.5209 1.5609 1.6016 1.6430 1.6852 1.7280
4 1.0406 1.0824 1.1255 1.1699 1.2155 1.2625 1.3108 1.3605 1.4116 1.4641 1.5181 1.5735 1.6305 1.6890 1.7490 1.8106 1.8739 1.9388 2.0053 2.0736
5 1.0510 1.1041 1.1593 1.2167 1.2763 1.3382 1.4026 1.4693 1.5386 1.6105 1.6851 1.7623 1.8424 1.9254 2.0114 2.1003 2.1924 2.2878 2.3864 2.4883
6 1.0615 1.1262 1.1941 1.2653 1.3401 1.4185 1.5007 1.5869 1.6771 1.7716 1.8704 1.9738 2.0820 2.1950 2.3131 2.4364 2.5652 2.6996 2.8398 2.9860
7 1.0721 1.1487 1.2299 1.3159 1.4071 1.5036 1.6058 1.7138 1.8280 1.9487 2.0762 2.2107 2.3526 2.5023 2.6600 2.8262 3.0012 3.1855 3.3793 3.5832
8 1.0829 1.1717 1.2668 1.3686 1.4775 1.5938 1.7182 1.8509 1.9926 2.1436 2.3045 2.4760 2.6584 2.8526 3.0590 3.2784 3.5115 3.7589 4.0214 4.2998
9 1.0937 1.1951 1.3048 1.4233 1.5513 1.6895 1.8385 1.9990 2.1719 2.3579 2.5580 2.7731 3.0040 3.2519 3.5179 3.8030 4.1084 4.4355 4.7854 5.1598
10 1.1046 1.2190 1.3439 1.4802 1.6289 1.7908 1.9672 2.1589 2.3674 2.5937 2.8394 3.1058 3.3946 3.7072 4.0456 4.4114 4.8068 5.2338 5.6947 6.1917
11 1.1157 1.2434 1.3842 1.5395 1.7103 1.8983 2.1049 2.3316 2.5804 2.8531 3.1518 3.4785 3.8359 4.2262 4.6524 5.1173 5.6240 6.1759 6.7767 7.4301
12 1.1268 1.2682 1.4258 1.6010 1.7959 2.0122 2.2522 2.5182 2.8127 3.1384 3.4985 3.8960 4.3345 4.8179 5.3503 5.9360 6.5801 7.2876 8.0642 8.9161
13 1.1381 1.2936 1.4685 1.6651 1.8856 2.1329 2.4098 2.7196 3.0658 3.4523 3.8833 4.3635 4.8980 5.4924 6.1528 6.8858 7.6987 8.5994 9.5964 10.6993
14 1.1495 1.3195 1.5126 1.7317 1.9799 2.2609 2.5785 2.9372 3.3417 3.7975 4.3104 4.8871 5.5348 6.2613 7.0757 7.9875 9.0075 10.1472 11.4198 12.8392
15 1.1610 1.3459 1.5580 1.8009 2.0789 2.3966 2.7590 3.1722 3.6425 4.1772 4.7846 5.4736 6.2543 7.1379 8.1371 9.2655 10.5387 11.9737 13.5895 15.4070
16 1.1726 1.3728 1.6047 1.8730 2.1829 2.5404 2.9522 3.4259 3.9703 4.5950 5.3109 6.1304 7.0673 8.1372 9.3576 10.7480 12.3303 14.1290 16.1715 18.4884
17 1.1843 1.4002 1.6528 1.9479 2.2920 2.6928 3.1588 3.7000 4.3276 5.0545 5.8951 6.8660 7.9861 9.2765 10.7613 12.4677 14.4265 16.6722 19.2441 22.1861
18 1.1961 1.4282 1.7024 2.0258 2.4066 2.8543 3.3799 3.9960 4.7171 5.5599 6.5436 7.6900 9.0243 10.5752 12.3755 14.4625 16.8790 19.6733 22.9005 26.6233
19 1.2081 1.4568 1.7535 2.1068 2.5270 3.0256 3.6165 4.3157 5.1417 6.1159 7.2633 8.6128 10.1974 12.0557 14.2318 16.7765 19.7484 23.2144 27.2516 31.9480
20 1.2202 1.4859 1.8061 2.1911 2.6533 3.2071 3.8697 4.6610 5.6044 6.7275 8.0623 9.6463 11.5231 13.7435 16.3665 19.4608 23.1056 27.3930 32.4294 38.3376
25 1.2824 1.6406 2.0938 2.6658 3.3864 4.2919 5.4274 6.8485 8.6231 10.8347 13.5855 17.0001 21.2305 26.4619 32.9190 40.8742 50.6578 62.6686 77.3881 95.3962
30 1.3478 1.8114 2.4273 3.2434 4.3219 5.7435 7.6123 10.0627 13.2677 17.4494 22.8923 29.9599 39.1159 50.9502 66.2118 85.8499 111.0647 143.3706 184.6753 237.3763
35 1.4166 1.9999 2.8139 3.9461 5.5160 7.6861 10.6766 14.7853 20.4140 28.1024 38.5749 52.7996 72.0685 98.1002 133.1755 180.3141 243.5035 327.9973 440.7006 590.6682
40 1.4889 2.2080 3.2620 4.8010 7.0400 10.2857 14.9745 21.7245 31.4094 45.2593 65.0009 93.0510 132.7816 188.8835 267.8635 378.7212 533.8687 750.3783 1,051.6675 1,469.7716
50 1.6446 2.6916 4.3839 7.1067 11.4674 18.4202 29.4570 46.9016 74.3575 117.3909 184.5648 289.0022 450.7359 700.2330 1,083.6574 1,670.7038 2,566.2153 3,927.3569 5,988.9139 9,100.4382
 FUTURE VALUE
Calculation of Interest %age
The investment of single amount at the end of year-01 is Rs. 1,000 with k%
rate of interest, maturity period is for 04 years and Future value is Rs. 1,464.
Calculate rate of Interest

FV5 = PV1 (FVIF k%,ny) lu e

va ue
1464 = 1,000 (FVIF k%,4y) re a l t
t u v s
Fu ent tere r
1464 = (FVIF k%,4y) is res f in yea
1000 FV n is P te o r of
1.464 = (FVIF k%,4y)
PV n is ra mbe
u
k% is N
K%=10% ny
 FUTURE VALUE
Calculation of No of years of investments

The investment of single amount at the end of year-01 is Rs. 1,000 with
10% rate of interest and maturity period is for n years. The future value is
Rs. 1,464.

FV5 = PV1 (FVIF k%,ny) lu e

va e
1464 = 1,000 (FVIF 10%,ny) u re a lu
ut t v st
1464 = (FVIF 10%,ny) i s F se n e re
1000 V re i nt ea r
F is P te of of y
n

1.464 = (FVIF 10%,ny) PV n is ra b er

% u m
ny = 4 Years k is N
ny
Present value & Discounting

Present value
The current value of future cash flow discounted at the appropriate
discount rate.

Discounting
Calculate the present value of some future amount.
Calculation of Present value:

PVn = FVn (PVIFk%, ny)

lue
va lue
Where : u re va st
ut nt re
PVn is Present value is F s e te a r
V n P re f in f ye
FVn is Future value F is te o r o
PVIF is Present value interest factor PV n is ra mbe
% N u
k% is rate of interest k is
ny is Number of year ny
Present Value Single Deposit
Assume that you need $1,000 in 2 years. Let’s examine the process to
determine how much you need to deposit today at a discount rate of
7% compounded annually.
0 1 2
7%

$1,000
PV0 PV1

PV2 = $1,000 (PVIF7%,2)

= $1,000 (.873) = $873
Present Value Table: Present value interest factor of $1 per period at k% for n periods,
PVIF(k%, n)
n 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
1 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.9615 0.9524 0.9434 0.9346 0.9259 0.9174 0.9091 0.9009 0.8929 0.8850 0.8772 0.8696 0.8621 0.8547 0.8475 0.8403 0.8333
2 0.9803 0.9612 0.9426 0.9246 0.9070 0.8900 0.8734 0.8573 0.8417 0.8264 0.8116 0.7972 0.7831 0.7695 0.7561 0.7432 0.7305 0.7182 0.7062 0.6944
3 0.9706 0.9423 0.9151 0.8890 0.8638 0.8396 0.8163 0.7938 0.7722 0.7513 0.7312 0.7118 0.6931 0.6750 0.6575 0.6407 0.6244 0.6086 0.5934 0.5787
4 0.9610 0.9238 0.8885 0.8548 0.8227 0.7921 0.7629 0.7350 0.7084 0.6830 0.6587 0.6355 0.6133 0.5921 0.5718 0.5523 0.5337 0.5158 0.4987 0.4823
5 0.9515 0.9057 0.8626 0.8219 0.7835 0.7473 0.7130 0.6806 0.6499 0.6209 0.5935 0.5674 0.5428 0.5194 0.4972 0.4761 0.4561 0.4371 0.4190 0.4019
6 0.9420 0.8880 0.8375 0.7903 0.7462 0.7050 0.6663 0.6302 0.5963 0.5645 0.5346 0.5066 0.4803 0.4556 0.4323 0.4104 0.3898 0.3704 0.3521 0.3349
7 0.9327 0.8706 0.8131 0.7599 0.7107 0.6651 0.6227 0.5835 0.5470 0.5132 0.4817 0.4523 0.4251 0.3996 0.3759 0.3538 0.3332 0.3139 0.2959 0.2791
8 0.9235 0.8535 0.7894 0.7307 0.6768 0.6274 0.5820 0.5403 0.5019 0.4665 0.4339 0.4039 0.3762 0.3506 0.3269 0.3050 0.2848 0.2660 0.2487 0.2326
9 0.9143 0.8368 0.7664 0.7026 0.6446 0.5919 0.5439 0.5002 0.4604 0.4241 0.3909 0.3606 0.3329 0.3075 0.2843 0.2630 0.2434 0.2255 0.2090 0.1938
10 0.9053 0.8203 0.7441 0.6756 0.6139 0.5584 0.5083 0.4632 0.4224 0.3855 0.3522 0.3220 0.2946 0.2697 0.2472 0.2267 0.2080 0.1911 0.1756 0.1615
11 0.8963 0.8043 0.7224 0.6496 0.5847 0.5268 0.4751 0.4289 0.3875 0.3505 0.3173 0.2875 0.2607 0.2366 0.2149 0.1954 0.1778 0.1619 0.1476 0.1346
12 0.8874 0.7885 0.7014 0.6246 0.5568 0.4970 0.4440 0.3971 0.3555 0.3186 0.2858 0.2567 0.2307 0.2076 0.1869 0.1685 0.1520 0.1372 0.1240 0.1122
13 0.8787 0.7730 0.6810 0.6006 0.5303 0.4688 0.4150 0.3677 0.3262 0.2897 0.2575 0.2292 0.2042 0.1821 0.1625 0.1452 0.1299 0.1163 0.1042 0.0935
14 0.8700 0.7579 0.6611 0.5775 0.5051 0.4423 0.3878 0.3405 0.2992 0.2633 0.2320 0.2046 0.1807 0.1597 0.1413 0.1252 0.1110 0.0985 0.0876 0.0779
15 0.8613 0.7430 0.6419 0.5553 0.4810 0.4173 0.3624 0.3152 0.2745 0.2394 0.2090 0.1827 0.1599 0.1401 0.1229 0.1079 0.0949 0.0835 0.0736 0.0649
16 0.8528 0.7284 0.6232 0.5339 0.4581 0.3936 0.3387 0.2919 0.2519 0.2176 0.1883 0.1631 0.1415 0.1229 0.1069 0.0930 0.0811 0.0708 0.0618 0.0541
17 0.8444 0.7142 0.6050 0.5134 0.4363 0.3714 0.3166 0.2703 0.2311 0.1978 0.1696 0.1456 0.1252 0.1078 0.0929 0.0802 0.0693 0.0600 0.0520 0.0451
18 0.8360 0.7002 0.5874 0.4936 0.4155 0.3503 0.2959 0.2502 0.2120 0.1799 0.1528 0.1300 0.1108 0.0946 0.0808 0.0691 0.0592 0.0508 0.0437 0.0376
19 0.8277 0.6864 0.5703 0.4746 0.3957 0.3305 0.2765 0.2317 0.1945 0.1635 0.1377 0.1161 0.0981 0.0829 0.0703 0.0596 0.0506 0.0431 0.0367 0.0313
20 0.8195 0.6730 0.5537 0.4564 0.3769 0.3118 0.2584 0.2145 0.1784 0.1486 0.1240 0.1037 0.0868 0.0728 0.0611 0.0514 0.0433 0.0365 0.0308 0.0261
25 0.7798 0.6095 0.4776 0.3751 0.2953 0.2330 0.1842 0.1460 0.1160 0.0923 0.0736 0.0588 0.0471 0.0378 0.0304 0.0245 0.0197 0.0160 0.0129 0.0105
30 0.7419 0.5521 0.4120 0.3083 0.2314 0.1741 0.1314 0.0994 0.0754 0.0573 0.0437 0.0334 0.0256 0.0196 0.0151 0.0116 0.0090 0.0070 0.0054 0.0042
35 0.7059 0.5000 0.3554 0.2534 0.1813 0.1301 0.0937 0.0676 0.0490 0.0356 0.0259 0.0189 0.0139 0.0102 0.0075 0.0055 0.0041 0.0030 0.0023 0.0017
40 0.6717 0.4529 0.3066 0.2083 0.1420 0.0972 0.0668 0.0460 0.0318 0.0221 0.0154 0.0107 0.0075 0.0053 0.0037 0.0026 0.0019 0.0013 0.0010 0.0007
50 0.6080 0.3715 0.2281 0.1407 0.0872 0.0543 0.0339 0.0213 0.0134 0.0085 0.0054 0.0035 0.0022 0.0014 0.0009 0.0006 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
 PRESENT VALUE
Calculation of Interest %age
The investor needs single amount at the end of year-05 is Rs. 1,000 and
present value today is Rs. 621 with n% rate of interest and maturity
period is for 05 years.
lu e
va ue
PV0 = FV5(PVIF k%,ny) re a l t
t u v s
621 = 1,000 (PVIF k%,5y) Fu ent tere r
is res f in yea
621 = (PVIF k%,5y)
1000 FV n is P te o r of
PV n is ra mbe
u
0.621 = (PVIF k%,5y) k% is N
K% = 10 % ny
PRESENT VALUE
Calculation of No of years of investments

The investor needs single amount at the end of year-05 is Rs. 1,000 and
present value today is Rs. 621 with 10% rate of interest and maturity period
is for n years.
PV0 = FV5(PVIF k%,ny) lu e
va e
621 = 1,000 (PVIF 10%,ny) u re a lu
ut t v st
621 = (PVIF 10%,ny) i s F se n e re
1000 V re i nt ea r
F is P te of of y
n

0.621 = (PVIF 10%,ny) PV n is ra b er

% u m
ny = 5 years k is N
ny
Chapter No. 6

Cash Flow Valuation

Annuities
I. Annuities are equally-spaced cash flows of equal size.
II. Annuities can be either inflows or outflows.
III. An ordinary (deferred) annuity has cash flows that occur at the
end of each period.
IV. An annuity due has cash flows that occur at the beginning of each
period.
V. An annuity due will always be greater than an otherwise
equivalent ordinary annuity because interest will compound for an
additional period.
TYPES OF ANNUITY

Ordinary Annuity
A series of constant or level cash flow that occur at the end of each
period for some fixed number of periods is called ordinary annuity.

Annuity Due:
An annuity for which the cash flow occur at the beginning of period.
Calculation of;
Present Value for Ordinary Annuity:

PVAn = PMTn (PVIFAk%, ny)

Where :
PVAn is Present value annuity
PMTn is Payment made each period
PVIFA is Present value interest factor of annuity
k% is rate of interest
ny is Number of year
Calculation of;
Future value for Ordinary Annuity:

FVAn = PMTn (FVIFAk%, ny)

Where :
FVAn is Future value annuity
PMTn is Payment made each period
FVIFA is Future value interest factor of annuity
k% is rate of interest
ny is Number of year
Calculation of;
Present value for Annuity Due:

PVAD= PMTn (PVIFAk%, ny)(1+K%)

Where :
PVAD is Present value annuity due
PMTn is Payment made each period
PVIFA is Present value interest factor of annuity
k% is rate of interest
ny is Number of year
Calculation of;
Future value for Annuity Due:

FVAD = PMTn (FVIFA k%, ny)(1+k%)

Where :
FVAD is Future value annuity due
PMTn is Payment made each period
FVIFA is Future value interest factor of annuity
k% is rate of interest
ny is Number of year
 FUTURE VALUE OF ORDINARY ANNUITY
Calculation of Future Value of Ordinary Annuity for n periods

The investment of annuity at the end of each year is Rs. 1,000 with 10% rate of
interest and maturity period is for 04 years.

SIMILAR MULTIPLE AMOUNTS

FVA4 = PMT (FVIFA k%,ny)

0 1 2 3 4
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 FVA4 = 1,000 (FVIFA 10%,4y)

Future Value FVA4 = 1,000 (4.6410)

of Annuity FVA4 = 4641
n
Future Value of Annuity Table; (FVIFAK%, Ny)
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
1 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
2 2.0100 2.0200 2.0300 2.0400 2.0500 2.0600 2.0700 2.0800 2.0900 2.1000 2.1100 2.1200 2.1300 2.1400 2.1500 2.1600 2.1700 2.1800 2.1900 2.2000
3 3.0301 3.0604 3.0909 3.1216 3.1525 3.1836 3.2149 3.2464 3.2781 3.3100 3.3421 3.3744 3.4069 3.4396 3.4725 3.5056 3.5389 3.5724 3.6061 3.6400
4 4.0604 4.1216 4.1836 4.2465 4.3101 4.3746 4.4399 4.5061 4.5731 4.6410 4.7097 4.7793 4.8498 4.9211 4.9934 5.0665 5.1405 5.2154 5.2913 5.3680
5 5.1010 5.2040 5.3091 5.4163 5.5256 5.6371 5.7507 5.8666 5.9847 6.1051 6.2278 6.3528 6.4803 6.6101 6.7424 6.8771 7.0144 7.1542 7.2966 7.4416
6 6.1520 6.3081 6.4684 6.6330 6.8019 6.9753 7.1533 7.3359 7.5233 7.7156 7.9129 8.1152 8.3227 8.5355 8.7537 8.9775 9.2068 9.4420 9.6830 9.9299
7 7.2135 7.4343 7.6625 7.8983 8.1420 8.3938 8.6540 8.9228 9.2004 9.4872 9.7833 10.0890 10.4047 10.7305 11.0668 11.4139 11.7720 12.1415 12.5227 12.9159
8 8.2857 8.5830 8.8923 9.2142 9.5491 9.8975 10.2598 10.6366 11.0285 11.4359 11.8594 12.2997 12.7573 13.2328 13.7268 14.2401 14.7733 15.3270 15.9020 16.4991
9 9.3685 9.7546 10.1591 10.5828 11.0266 11.4913 11.9780 12.4876 13.0210 13.5795 14.1640 14.7757 15.4157 16.0853 16.7858 17.5185 18.2847 19.0859 19.9234 20.7989
10 10.4622 10.9497 11.4639 12.0061 12.5779 13.1808 13.8164 14.4866 15.1929 15.9374 16.7220 17.5487 18.4197 19.3373 20.3037 21.3215 22.3931 23.5213 24.7089 25.9587
11 11.5668 12.1687 12.8078 13.4864 14.2068 14.9716 15.7836 16.6455 17.5603 18.5312 19.5614 20.6546 21.8143 23.0445 24.3493 25.7329 27.1999 28.7551 30.4035 32.1504
12 12.6825 13.4121 14.1920 15.0258 15.9171 16.8699 17.8885 18.9771 20.1407 21.3843 22.7132 24.1331 25.6502 27.2707 29.0017 30.8502 32.8239 34.9311 37.1802 39.5805
13 13.8093 14.6803 15.6178 16.6268 17.7130 18.8821 20.1406 21.4953 22.9534 24.5227 26.2116 28.0291 29.9847 32.0887 34.3519 36.7862 39.4040 42.2187 45.2445 48.4966
14 14.9474 15.9739 17.0863 18.2919 19.5986 21.0151 22.5505 24.2149 26.0192 27.9750 30.0949 32.3926 34.8827 37.5811 40.5047 43.6720 47.1027 50.8180 54.8409 59.1959
15 16.0969 17.2934 18.5989 20.0236 21.5786 23.2760 25.1290 27.1521 29.3609 31.7725 34.4054 37.2797 40.4175 43.8424 47.5804 51.6595 56.1101 60.9653 66.2607 72.0351
16 17.2579 18.6393 20.1569 21.8245 23.6575 25.6725 27.8881 30.3243 33.0034 35.9497 39.1899 42.7533 46.6717 50.9804 55.7175 60.9250 66.6488 72.9390 79.8502 87.4421
17 18.4304 20.0121 21.7616 23.6975 25.8404 28.2129 30.8402 33.7502 36.9737 40.5447 44.5008 48.8837 53.7391 59.1176 65.0751 71.6730 78.9792 87.0680 96.0218 105.9306
18 19.6147 21.4123 23.4144 25.6454 28.1324 30.9057 33.9990 37.4502 41.3013 45.5992 50.3959 55.7497 61.7251 68.3941 75.8364 84.1407 93.4056 103.7403 115.2659 128.1167
19 20.8109 22.8406 25.1169 27.6712 30.5390 33.7600 37.3790 41.4463 46.0185 51.1591 56.9395 63.4397 70.7494 78.9692 88.2118 98.6032 110.2846 123.4135 138.1664 154.7400
20 22.0190 24.2974 26.8704 29.7781 33.0660 36.7856 40.9955 45.7620 51.1601 57.2750 64.2028 72.0524 80.9468 91.0249 102.4436 115.3797 130.0329 146.6280 165.4180 186.6880
25 28.2432 32.0303 36.4593 41.6459 47.7271 54.8645 63.2490 73.1059 84.7009 98.3471 114.4133 133.3339 155.6196 181.8708 212.7930 249.2140 292.1049 342.6035 402.0425 471.9811
30 34.7849 40.5681 47.5754 56.0849 66.4388 79.0582 94.4608 113.2832 136.3075 164.4940 199.0209 241.3327 293.1992 356.7868 434.7451 530.3117 647.4391 790.9480 966.7122 1,181.8816
35 41.6603 49.9945 60.4621 73.6522 90.3203 111.4348 138.2369 172.3168 215.7108 271.0244 341.5896 431.6635 546.6808 693.5727 881.1702 1,120.7130 1,426.4910 1,816.6516 2,314.2137 2,948.3411
40 48.8864 60.4020 75.4013 95.0255 120.7998 154.7620 199.6351 259.0565 337.8824 442.5926 581.8261 767.0914 1,013.7042 1,342.0251 1,779.0903 2,360.7572 3,134.5218 4,163.2130 5,529.8290 7,343.8578
10,435.648 15,089.501 21,813.093 31,515.336
50 64.4632 84.5794 112.7969 152.6671 209.3480 290.3359 406.5289 573.7702 815.0836 1,163.9085 1,668.7712 2,400.0182 3,459.5071 4,994.5213 7,217.7163 8 7 7 3 45,497.1908
 PRESENT VALUE OF ORDINARY ANNUITY
Calculation of Present Value of Ordinary Annuity for n periods

The investment of annuity at the end of each year is Rs. 1,000 with 10% rate of
interest and maturity period is for 04 years.

SIMILAR MULTIPLE AMOUNTS

PVA0 = PMT (PVIFA k%,ny)

0 1 2 3 4
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 PVA0 = 1,000 (PVIFA 10%,4y)
Present
Value PVA0 = 1,000 (3.1699)
of Annuity
PVA0 = 3170
Present Value of Annuity Table; (PVIFAK%, Ny)
n 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%
1 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.9615 0.9524 0.9434 0.9346 0.9259 0.9174 0.9091 0.9009 0.8929 0.8850 0.8772 0.8696 0.8621 0.8547 0.8475 0.8403 0.8333
2 1.9704 1.9416 1.9135 1.8861 1.8594 1.8334 1.8080 1.7833 1.7591 1.7355 1.7125 1.6901 1.6681 1.6467 1.6257 1.6052 1.5852 1.5656 1.5465 1.5278
3 2.9410 2.8839 2.8286 2.7751 2.7232 2.6730 2.6243 2.5771 2.5313 2.4869 2.4437 2.4018 2.3612 2.3216 2.2832 2.2459 2.2096 2.1743 2.1399 2.1065
4 3.9020 3.8077 3.7171 3.6299 3.5460 3.4651 3.3872 3.3121 3.2397 3.1699 3.1024 3.0373 2.9745 2.9137 2.8550 2.7982 2.7432 2.6901 2.6386 2.5887
5 4.8534 4.7135 4.5797 4.4518 4.3295 4.2124 4.1002 3.9927 3.8897 3.7908 3.6959 3.6048 3.5172 3.4331 3.3522 3.2743 3.1993 3.1272 3.0576 2.9906
6 5.7955 5.6014 5.4172 5.2421 5.0757 4.9173 4.7665 4.6229 4.4859 4.3553 4.2305 4.1114 3.9975 3.8887 3.7845 3.6847 3.5892 3.4976 3.4098 3.3255
7 6.7282 6.4720 6.2303 6.0021 5.7864 5.5824 5.3893 5.2064 5.0330 4.8684 4.7122 4.5638 4.4226 4.2883 4.1604 4.0386 3.9224 3.8115 3.7057 3.6046
8 7.6517 7.3255 7.0197 6.7327 6.4632 6.2098 5.9713 5.7466 5.5348 5.3349 5.1461 4.9676 4.7988 4.6389 4.4873 4.3436 4.2072 4.0776 3.9544 3.8372
9 8.5660 8.1622 7.7861 7.4353 7.1078 6.8017 6.5152 6.2469 5.9952 5.7590 5.5370 5.3282 5.1317 4.9464 4.7716 4.6065 4.4506 4.3030 4.1633 4.0310
10 9.4713 8.9826 8.5302 8.1109 7.7217 7.3601 7.0236 6.7101 6.4177 6.1446 5.8892 5.6502 5.4262 5.2161 5.0188 4.8332 4.6586 4.4941 4.3389 4.1925
11 10.3676 9.7868 9.2526 8.7605 8.3064 7.8869 7.4987 7.1390 6.8052 6.4951 6.2065 5.9377 5.6869 5.4527 5.2337 5.0286 4.8364 4.6560 4.4865 4.3271
12 11.2551 10.5753 9.9540 9.3851 8.8633 8.3838 7.9427 7.5361 7.1607 6.8137 6.4924 6.1944 5.9176 5.6603 5.4206 5.1971 4.9884 4.7932 4.6105 4.4392
13 12.1337 11.3484 10.6350 9.9856 9.3936 8.8527 8.3577 7.9038 7.4869 7.1034 6.7499 6.4235 6.1218 5.8424 5.5831 5.3423 5.1183 4.9095 4.7147 4.5327
14 13.0037 12.1062 11.2961 10.5631 9.8986 9.2950 8.7455 8.2442 7.7862 7.3667 6.9819 6.6282 6.3025 6.0021 5.7245 5.4675 5.2293 5.0081 4.8023 4.6106
15 13.8651 12.8493 11.9379 11.1184 10.3797 9.7122 9.1079 8.5595 8.0607 7.6061 7.1909 6.8109 6.4624 6.1422 5.8474 5.5755 5.3242 5.0916 4.8759 4.6755
16 14.7179 13.5777 12.5611 11.6523 10.8378 10.1059 9.4466 8.8514 8.3126 7.8237 7.3792 6.9740 6.6039 6.2651 5.9542 5.6685 5.4053 5.1624 4.9377 4.7296
17 15.5623 14.2919 13.1661 12.1657 11.2741 10.4773 9.7632 9.1216 8.5436 8.0216 7.5488 7.1196 6.7291 6.3729 6.0472 5.7487 5.4746 5.2223 4.9897 4.7746
18 16.3983 14.9920 13.7535 12.6593 11.6896 10.8276 10.0591 9.3719 8.7556 8.2014 7.7016 7.2497 6.8399 6.4674 6.1280 5.8178 5.5339 5.2732 5.0333 4.8122
19 17.2260 15.6785 14.3238 13.1339 12.0853 11.1581 10.3356 9.6036 8.9501 8.3649 7.8393 7.3658 6.9380 6.5504 6.1982 5.8775 5.5845 5.3162 5.0700 4.8435
20 18.0456 16.3514 14.8775 13.5903 12.4622 11.4699 10.5940 9.8181 9.1285 8.5136 7.9633 7.4694 7.0248 6.6231 6.2593 5.9288 5.6278 5.3527 5.1009 4.8696
25 22.0232 19.5235 17.4131 15.6221 14.0939 12.7834 11.6536 10.6748 9.8226 9.0770 8.4217 7.8431 7.3300 6.8729 6.4641 6.0971 5.7662 5.4669 5.1951 4.9476
30 25.8077 22.3965 19.6004 17.2920 15.3725 13.7648 12.4090 11.2578 10.2737 9.4269 8.6938 8.0552 7.4957 7.0027 6.5660 6.1772 5.8294 5.5168 5.2347 4.9789
35 29.4086 24.9986 21.4872 18.6646 16.3742 14.4982 12.9477 11.6546 10.5668 9.6442 8.8552 8.1755 7.5856 7.0700 6.6166 6.2153 5.8582 5.5386 5.2512 4.9915
40 32.8347 27.3555 23.1148 19.7928 17.1591 15.0463 13.3317 11.9246 10.7574 9.7791 8.9511 8.2438 7.6344 7.1050 6.6418 6.2335 5.8713 5.5482 5.2582 4.9966
50 39.1961 31.4236 25.7298 21.4822 18.2559 15.7619 13.8007 12.2335 10.9617 9.9148 9.0417 8.3045 7.6752 7.1327 6.6605 6.2463 5.8801 5.5541 5.2623 4.9995
 FUTURE VALUE OF ANNUITY DUE
Calculation of Future Value of Annuity Due for N periods
The investment of annuity at the beginning of each year is Rs. 1,000 with 10%
rate of interest and maturity period is for 04 years.

SIMILAR MULTIPLE AMOUNTS FVAD = PMT (FVIFA k%,ny)(1+k)

FVAD = 1,000 (FVIFA 10%,4y)(1+10%)

0 1 2 3 4
1,000
1,000 1,000 1,000 FVAD = 1,000 (4.6410)(1.1)

Future Value FVA = 5105

D
of Annuity Due
 PRESENT VALUE OF ANNUITY DUE
Calculation of Present Value of Annuity Due for n periods
The investment of annuity at the beginning of each year is Rs. 1,000 with 10%
rate of interest and maturity period is for 04 years.

SIMILAR MULTIPLE AMOUNTS

PVAD = PMT (PVIFA k%,ny)(1+k)

0 1 2 3 4
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 PVA = 1,000 (PVIFA
D 10%,4y)(1+10%)

Present Value
Of Annuity DUE PVAD = 1,000 (3.1699)(1.1)

PVAD = 3,487
Present Value of a Perpetuity
A perpetuity is a special kind of annuity.
With a perpetuity, the periodic annuity or cash flow stream
continues forever.
PV = Annuity/Interest Rate

For example, how much would I have to deposit today in

order to withdraw $1,000 each year forever if I can earn 8%
on my deposit?
PV = $1,000/.08 = $12,500
Nominal & Effective Annual Rates of Interest
The nominal interest rate is the stated or contractual rate of interest
charged by a lender or promised by a borrower.

The effective interest rate is the rate actually paid or earned.

In general, the effective rate > nominal rate whenever compounding

occurs more than once per year
NOMINAL & EFFECTIVE ANNUAL RATES OF INTEREST

Fred Moreno wishes to find the effective annual rate associated with an
8% nominal annual rate (i = .08) when interest is compounded
(1) Semiannually (m=2); and
(2) Quarterly (m=4).
Thankyou