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Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics: Issues To Address..

The document discusses the crystal structures of metals and ceramics. It describes how atoms assemble into dense, ordered packings in crystalline materials like metals and ceramics. The structures of three metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body centered cubic, and face centered cubic - are defined and their atomic packing factors compared.

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Aaila Akhter
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30 views

Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics: Issues To Address..

The document discusses the crystal structures of metals and ceramics. It describes how atoms assemble into dense, ordered packings in crystalline materials like metals and ceramics. The structures of three metallic crystal structures - simple cubic, body centered cubic, and face centered cubic - are defined and their atomic packing factors compared.

Uploaded by

Aaila Akhter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...

• How do atoms assemble into solid structures?

• How does the density of a material depend on


its structure?

• How do the crystal structures of ceramic


materials differ from those for metals?

• When do material properties vary with the


sample (i.e., part) orientation?

1
Energy and Packing
• Non dense, random packing Energy

typical neighbor
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

• Dense, ordered packing Energy

typical neighbor
bond length

typical neighbor r
bond energy

Dense, ordered packed structures tend to have lower


energies.
2
Materials and Packing
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers crystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.40(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Adapted from Fig. 3.40(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

3
Metallic Crystal Structures
• Tend to be densely packed.
• Reasons for dense packing:
- Typically, only one element is present, all atomic
radii are the same.
- Metallic bonding is not directional.
- Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in
order to lower bond energy.
- Electron cloud shields cores from each other
• Have the simplest crystal structures.
We will examine three such structures...

4
Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
• Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)


5
Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
Volume of atoms in unit cell*
APF =
Volume of unit cell
*assume hard spheres
• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
volume
atoms atom
a 4
unit cell 1 (0.5a) 3
3
R=0.5a APF =
a3 volume
close-packed directions
unit cell
contains 8 x 1/8 =
1 atom/unit cell
Adapted from Fig. 3.42,
Callister & Rethwisch 3e. 6
Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)
• Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum


• Coordination # = 8

QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Adapted from Fig. 3.2,


Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 corners x 1/8


(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
7
Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68
3a

2a

Close-packed directions:
Adapted from R length = 4R = 3 a
Fig. 3.2(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 3e.
a
atoms volume
4
unit cell 2  ( 3a/4) 3
3 atom
APF =
3 volume
a
unit cell 8
Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
• Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag


• Coordination # = 12

QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Adapted from Fig. 3.1, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

4 atoms/unit cell: 6 face x 1/2 + 8 corners x 1/8


(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
9
Atomic Packing Factor: FCC
• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74
maximum achievable APF
Close-packed directions:
length = 4R = 2 a
2a
Unit cell contains:
6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister & atoms volume
Rethwisch 3e. 4 3
unit cell 4 ( 2a/4)
3 atom
APF =
3 volume
a
unit cell
10
FCC Stacking Sequence
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
B B
C
A
A sites B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites

A
• FCC Unit Cell B
C

11

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