Conservation of Mass Control Volumes: By: Bashir Momodu
Conservation of Mass Control Volumes: By: Bashir Momodu
Control Volumes
On the right side of this equation, the force time represents the
rate of change or the accumulation of momentum within the
control volume. The second and third terms respectively
represent the rate at which momentum enters and leaves the
control volume. The above equation states that the result of a
force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the fluid mass.
Steady Flow
In steady flow cases, the condition between the control volume
does not change, so d(mV)cv/dt = 0 and the momentum equation
reduces to ΣF = d(mV)out cv - d(mV)in cv
dt dt
For steady flow, the net force on the fluid mass is equal to the
net rate of outflow of momentum across the control surface.
If it is specified that the velocity is constant where it cuts across
the control surface, and assuming there is steady flow:
d(mV)1 = dm1*V1=m1V1=ρ1Q1V1
dt dt
and the same relationships hold for section 2. Therefore for
steady flow: ΣF = m2V2 -m1V1= ρ2Q2V2 - ρ1Q1V1
The direction of the sum of F must be the same as that of the
velocity change, delta V. Note that the ΣF represents the sum of
all forces acting on the fluid mass and the control volume,
including gravity forces, shared forces, and the pressure forces.
Discussion
Momentum principle is particularly important in flow
problems when forces need to be determined. Such forces
are encountered whenever the velocity of a stream changes in
magnitude or direction. By the law of action and reaction, the
fluid exerts an equal and opposite force on the body producing
the change. Momentum principle is derived from Newton’s
Second Law of Motion. It does not matter if the flow is
compressible or incompressible, real (friction) or ideal
(frictionless), steady or unsteady and the equation is not limited
to flow along a stream line.
Discussion, con’t.
In applying the energy equation to real fluid, the energy loss
must be computed. This is not a problem with momentum
analysis, since it can be expressed from Newton’s Second Law.
This law states the sum of the forces (F) on a body of fluid or
system(S) is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum
(mV) of that body or system. All the previously developed
momentum equations in this write-up were all derived from
Newton’s Second Law: