CONTEXT OF PUBLIC

POLICY
Yves Mari T. Javier

PUBLIC POLICY
Public Policy

attempt by the Government to address a

"public issue“
courses of action, regulatory measures,
laws, and funding priorities concerning a
given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives
Public Policy

purposeful, goal-oriented action that

deals with societal problems
can be "positive" public policy or
"negative“ public policy
made by governmental actors
(executive branch, legislative, courts,
interest groups and citizens)
Public Policy

commonly embodied "in

constitutions, legislative acts, and
judicial decisions."
three parts to public policy-making:
Problems, Players, and the Policy.
"Whatever governments choose to do
or not to do." (Dye, 1972, p. 18)
Public Policy

"A broad guide to present and future

decisions, selected in light of given
conditions from a number of alternatives;
the actual decision or set of decisions
designed to carry out the chosen course of
actions; a projected program consisting of
desired objectives (goals) and the means of
achieving them." (Daneke and Steiss, 1978)
Why study Public
Policy?
Government actions
on Public Policy
Kristoffer Floriel A. Hufancia

THE STUDY OF PUBLIC

POLICY
Components of the study of Public
Policy

The use of analytic

techniques
Components of the study of Public
Policy

The use of familiar

functional names of
policy
Components of the study of Public
Policy

The use of different

academic disciplines
Angelica Fojas
THE COMPLEXITY OF
PUBLIC POLICY
The Complexity of Public Policy

The study of public policy is a very

complex topic and this complexity
requires bringing together a wide
range of analytical perspectives to
gain any sort of understanding of
what is happening in any political
area.
 The typical manner of
approaching public policy is to
consider the various areas of
government activity one by
one.
First important aspect of the complexity of
public policy is that focusing on the single
lonely policy.
EXAMPLE:
If government wants to improve the
quality of health for its population, the
obvious area for investment is in hospitals and
other aspects of the health care industry.
A second dimension of
complexity in public policy
studies is the need to examine
policy questions from a range
of theoretical perspectives.
A third complexity involved in the study of
public policy arises from the word “public”.

There is a tendency in the analysis of policy to

consider primarily, or solely , the role of the public
sector and the official actors in the process and to
ignore the role of the private sector actors.
Social actors as a means of assisting
government to make and deliver public
policies and that this involvement of
nongovernmental actors has enhanced
the legitimacy of the state, even in the
less developed countries.
A final complexity concerns what we study
when we attempt to study public policy.

We should be concerned with the impacts of policy

choices on people, and the distribution of benefits
in the society.
Hans A. Manlapas

Types of Public Policy

Regulatory Policy

The most dramatic form of regulation is

through criminal statutes. This type of policy
generally generate how people can act
toward one another. It also targets the
behavior of individuals or industry.

For example, the Food and Drug Administration.

Distributive Policy

grants goods and services to specific

segments of the population. One of the most
prominent areas of distributive policies is
welfare and health. It also distributes the cost
of the goods and services amongst the
population.

For example, Medicare and Medicaid.

Redistributive Policy

aim at rearranging one or more of the basic

schedules of social and economic rewards.

Tax policies are often cited as examples of

redistributive policies, for they take
proportionately more money from the rich than
from the poor.
Capitalization Policy

is aimed at increasing the productive capacity

of society’s institutions. It is describe a hybrid
type : funds allocated to city and state
governments, who in turn allocate the
moneys in distributive programs for
consumption or capitalization.
Ethical Policy

aims to establish the correct practice for

some moral issue. For example, the supreme
court’s decision in USA about abortion.
In addition to these five policy types, Donna
Kerr (1976) has suggested a two types of
policy :

Rule Policy – define as policies that specify

actions to be performed.

Goal Policy – define as policy that set goals to

be achieved by any of a number of actions
Still another types of policy can be
determined such as Substantive and
Procedural Policies. Both rule and goal
policies are substantive: they set out what is
to be accomplished. But sometimes a policy
will simply state a procedure, in particular,
who is to carry out some action, this define
the procedural type of policy.
John Marvin Jose
-Public Policy Institution
-Public Policy Administration
-Advocacy Groups and Citizens as Active Players
Public Policy Institution

also known as policy think tank.

a research institution that studies and
evaluates governmental policies and effects
of such policies on particular social areas.
can be a public or private, partisan or non-
partisan, local or national.
Public Policy Institution

institutes may vary widely in their FOCUS,

FORMS,  SCOPE, and GOAL

Example: The Center for Policy and Executive

Development (CPED)
Public Policy Administration

is the implementation and management

of public policies.
Politicians and policy analysts formulate
public policies at the national, regional, and
local levels.
Advocacy Groups and Citizens as
Active Players

interests groups and citizens are influential in

shaping public policies

Common goal: influence public

policy decisions that could be beneficial to
their special interest and t
Kim Neil L. Jalmasco

Institutional Approaches
The Functions of Political Institutions

Divide powers and responsibilities between the

organizations of the state
Confer rights on individual groups
Impose obligations on state officials to consult
and to deliberate
Can include and exclude political actors, such as
interest groups
The Demise of Functionalism
Joson T. Rañola

State Tradition and Institutional

Structures
State Tradition and Institutional Structures

Institutions embody cultures and past

political decisions. Formal rules and
structures agreed or introduced long ago
influence political actors exercise their
current choices.
It is the variety of traditions embodied in
institutions that explains the complexity of
political behavior and unlocks the intricacies
of the policy process.
State Tradition and Institutional Structures

History is important for the institutional

account.
Formalized in constitutions, the workings of
organizations and political norms, past
decisions and ideas structure how actors
make and implement policy.
The approach to public policy is subtle
because institutions are not static. They
adapt to their political environment.
State Tradition and Institutional Structures

Some writers believe that institutions

have an intelligence in the way they
respond to fast- changing social and
economic environments that is built up
from their capacity to learn, to store
collective experience to create guidance
mechanism to help decision0making.
State Tradition and Institutional Structures

Institutions routinize the values of a political

system.
Individuals who engage in conventional political
behavior find identity and meaning from following
rules and conventions. Institutionalists commonly
believe organizations have standard operating
procedures that process decisions.
Benjie Catipay

Institutional Arrangement
Institutional Arrangement

Institutional arrangements are the policies,

systems, and processes that organizations
use to legislate, plan and manage their
activities efficiently and to effectively
coordinate with others in order to fulfill their
mandate.
Institutional Arrangement

Comprised of organizations or institutions,

governmental and non-governmental, with a
recognized role to play in hazards and risk
management and the mechanisms for
coordination among organizations and
institutions.
Institutional Arrangement

Incorporate the networks of entities, and

organization involved in planning, supporting
and implementing disaster mitigation
programs and practices.
Institutional Arrangement includes:

The involved and responsible organizations

Human resources
Funding
Equipment and supplies
Leadership
Effectiveness
The communication links between and
among the organizations
Policies maybe:

action forcing
attention-focusing
Recovery
technology development and technology
transfer
regulatory
financial planning
system management and optimization
direct action
John Lenzie Asierto

Existing Policy & Institutional

Arrangements: Southeast Asia
Indonesia

Indonesian government provide a

comprehensive review of existing legislation
relating to forest development conservation
and development of national parks in 2010.
Laos

In Lao P.D.R, the National Disaster

Management Committee was established by
Prime Minister’s decree in 1999.
Vietnam

The National Committee for Disaster

Mitigation & Management (2001-2010) was
established in order to identified mitigation
measures and principles in Vietnam.
Cambodia

The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC)

has expressed its commitment of
implementing reform programs in all sectors
in order to reduce poverty and achieve
sustainable development.
Thailand

The Marine and Coastal Resources Policy, has

been proposed to the Department of
Fisheries of Thailand that aims to: realize the
coastal benefits and promote proactive and
cooperative governance.
Cheddah Dimayuga

New Institutionalism (The most

dominant trend of 1980’s)
Themes

First theme was the degree of autonomy

policy networks
Another theme concerned the network as
such: how was it organized, how were powers
distributed? (Scharf 1991; Rhodes and Marsh
1992)
Third theme concerned the role of networks
at a societal level.
Fields in terms of Richard Scotts three types of
Institutional theory

Normative Institutionalism

Regulative institutionalism

Cognitive Institutionalism
Rational Choice Theory

Is a framework for understanding and often

formally modeling social and economic
behavior