CHARGE

ACCELERATORS
-Priyanshi Batheja
What is a charge\particle accelarator?

A particle accelerator is a machine that

uses electromagnetic fields to
propel charged particles to very high speeds and
energies, and to contain them in well-
defined beams. It is a machine that accelerates
elementary particles, such as electrons or protons,
to very high energies and is used for variety of
research purposes.
 TYPES OF ACCELERATORS

ELECTRODYNAMIC ACCELERATORS ELECTROSTATIC ACCELERATORS

• This mechanism involves •  the first accelerators used simple
electron discharge to achieve technology of a single static high
high voltage. Dynamic fields are voltage to accelerate charged
incorporated to accelerate particles. The charged particle was
particles to very high energies. accelerated through an evacuated
tube with an electrode at either
The electromagnetic
end, with the static potential
acceleration is achieved by across it. Since the particle passed
using dynamic fields (Oscillating only once through the potential
radio-frequency fields or difference, the output energy was
resonant circuit or non- limited to the accelerating voltage
resonant magnetic induction). of the machine
Examples of
electrodynamic
accelerators
1. Magnetic induction accelerator- The increasing
magnetic field creates a circulating electric field which
can be configured to accelerate the particles. Induction
accelerators can be either linear or circular.
2. Betatron-A betatron is a type of cyclic particle
accelerator. It is essentially a transformer with a torus-
shaped vacuum tube as its secondary coil. An
alternating current in the primary coils
accelerates electrons in the vacuum around a circular
path. The betatron was the first machine capable of
producing electron beams at energies higher than could
be achieved with a simple electron gun
3. Linear Induction Accelerator- Linear induction
accelerators utilize ferrite-loaded, non-resonant
induction cavities. Each cavity can be thought of as two
large washer-shaped disks connected by an outer
cylindrical tube. Between the disks is a ferrite toroid. A
voltage pulse applied between the two disks causes an
increasing magnetic field which inductively couples
power into the charged particle beam
1. Circular or cyclic RF accelerators- In the circular
accelerator, particles move in a circle until they reach
sufficient energy. The particle track is typically bent
into a circle using electromagnets.
2. Cyclotrons- cyclotron accelerates charged
particles outwards from the center of a flat cylindrical
vacuum chamber along a spiral path. The particles are
held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and
accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency)
electric field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel
Prize in Physics for this invention.
3. Synchrocyclotrons and isochronous
cyclotrons- It uses a constant magnetic field  but
reduces the accelerating field's frequency so as to keep
the particles in step as they spiral outward, matching
their mass-dependent cyclotron resonance frequency.
This approach suffers from low average beam intensity
due to the bunching, and again from the need for a
huge magnet of large radius and constant field over
the larger orbit demanded by high energy.
4. Synchrotron - Synchrotrons use electricity to
produce intense beams of light a million times brighter
than the sun. The basic principle of the Synchrotron is
to maintain the accelerated particles at a constant
orbital radius. This is achieved by synchronising the
magnetic field strength with the energy of the
accelerated particles. So, as the particles are
accelerated and gain energy, the magnetic field is
increased, keeping the particles orbit constant.
1. Electron synchrotron- Circular electron
accelerators fell somewhat out of favor for
particle physics around the time that SLAC's
linear particle accelerator was constructed,
because their synchrotron losses were
considered economically prohibitive and
because their beam intensity was lower than
for the unpulsed linear machines.
2. Storage rings- A storage ring is a type of
circular particle accelerator in which a
continuous or pulsed particle beam may be
kept circulating typically for many hours.
Storage of a particular particle depends upon
the mass, momentum and usually
the charge of the particle to be stored.
Storage rings most commonly
store electrons, positrons, or protons.
3. FFAG Accelerator- Main article: Fixed-
Field alternating gradient Accelerator
Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient accelerators
(FFA)s, in which a magnetic field which is fixed in
time, but with a radial variation to achieve strong
focusing, allows the beam to be accelerated with a
high repetition rate but in a much smaller radial
spread than in the cyclotron case. Isochronous
FFAs, like isochronous cyclotrons, achieve
continuous beam operation, but without the need
for a huge dipole bending magnet covering the
entire radius of the orbits. Some new
developments in FFAs are covered in.
 Examples of eletctrostaic
accelerator
Van de graff Generator

 The first belt-charged electrostatic generator was

developed by R. J. Van de Graaff in 1931. The Van de
Graaff generator [4] is made up of a motor-driven belt
(made of rubber, vulcanized fabric or another flexible
insulating material) stressed between two rollers
(pulleys), an insulating column and a spherical or
rounded high-voltage terminal electrode which is
installed on top of the insulating column.
 The belt is electrically charged by a brush or comb
of metallic wires which is connected to a DC voltage
source. The amount of electric charge sprayed onto
the belt is controlled by the voltage Uc. The charge,
which can be negative or positive depending on the
polarity of the source, is carried by the belt to the
terminal electrode.
 Here, the charge is transferred from the belt to the
terminal electrode by a second brush or comb of
metallic wires. Electric charges accumulate on the
external surface of the terminal electrode. The
resulting terminal voltage is a function of the diameter
of the terminal electrode. The terminal behaves like a
spherical capacitor which has capacitance
Cockcroft–
Walton
accelerator
Cockcroft–Walton accelerator
The Cockcroft–Walton
accelerator [1] is the prototype
of an electrostatic accelerator.
The scheme of the accelerator
is shown in Fig. 1. The first
accelerator of this type was
built in 1932 by J.D. Cockcroft
and E.T. Walton. They achieved
a high voltage of about 700 kV
and they studied the first
nuclear reactions with an
accelerator. In their experiment
a proton beam of about 400
keV kinetic energy was used to
investigate the nuclear
reactions 7Li + p →4 He +4 He
and 7Li + p →7 Be + n.
Cockcroft and Walton shared
the Nobel Prize in physics for
The particle accelerator is one of the
most versatile instrument designed RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
by physicists From its inception, as Particle Physics-The development of particle physics has been
the cathode ray tube by ].]. Thomson directly determined by the progress achieved in building accelerators of
who used it to study the properties of ever increasing energy. The discovery of electron, antiproton, quarks,
the electron, to the present giant leptons and neutrinos even was a result of charge/particle accelerators.
colliders, it is intimately associated Nuclear Physics- Accelerators are the essential tool by which
with the major discoveries in of physicists have been able to probe the nucleus, determine its structure
nuclear and particle physics and behavior.
Atomic Physics- The detailed behaviour of the complex multiparticle
One can easily recall examples, such systems which constitute atoms and ions is still far from being
as the discovery of the antiproton at understood and computable.
the the progress achieved in building Condensed matter physics and material science- The main
accelerators of ever increasing energy. tools used by physicists to probe the structure and properties of matter
in the solid state have for a long time been X-rays produced of matter in
 The development of particle physics the solid state have for a long time been X-rays produced by
has been directly determined by conventional sources and neutrons generated by nuclear reactors.
leptons, and in the forces by which Chemistry and biology-
they interact. the structure and
Cosmology and astrophysics- physics-The universe originated
properties of the building blocks of
in a hot Big Bang, temperature decreased with time and the increasing
matter, the quarks and continuing
energy of accelerators and colliders allows the physicist to study
importance of accelerators to get a
experimentally .It also helps in dealing complex probems
better and deeper insight to number of
neutrinos.
MEDICAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
 Medical diagnostics – Radio-
isotopes have proved very early that
 Ion implantation
they can give unique biochemical  Radiation processing
and physiological information when
injected into living organisms
 Food preservation
 Radiotherapy- It is estimated that  Sterilisation
25 to 30% of the population of  Ion beam processing
industrialized countries will contract
cancer in their life-time and that  Microlithography
about half of these will receive
some formof radiation therapy
POWER ENGINEERING
 Heavy Ion Fusion- the acceleration of heavy
ELEMENT
ions ANALYSIS- The
 Plasma heating - The accelerator generates a various accelerator laboratory
negative ion beam which is neutralized in a
techniques mentioned in the
gas or by photo-detachment, before crossing
the confining magnetic fields. previous chapter for sample
 Radioactive waste incineration-The composition analysis and trace
possibility of using high energy accelerators element detection are now
for transmuting long life time radioactive extensively used in applied
waste from fission reactors into stable or
short life isotopes is under investigation in
science, archelogy, art or event
several laboratories for air security. It is also used in
 Accelerator driven breeding and fission-  Geology
Spallation neutrons generated by a proton
 Minerology
accelerator could be used to convert a fertile
material into fissile.  PIXE
 Others- The possibility of using muons, a type  Archaelogical sites
of heavy electrons produced by accelerators,
has at one time been envisaged to catalyze  National Security
thermonuclear fusion. Muonic atoms,
because of the large muon mass, have
smaller radii than normal atoms.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s
argest and most powerful 
particle/charge accelerator. It first started up on LARGE HADRON
10 September 2008, and remains the latest
addition to CERN’s accelerator complex. The LHC
COLLIDER
consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting
magnets with a number of accelerating structures
o boost the energy of the particles along the way.
nside the accelerator, two high-energy particle
beams travel at close to the speed of light before
hey are made to collide. The beams travel in
opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two
ubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided
around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic
field maintained by 
superconducting electromagnets. The
electromagnets are built from coils of special
electric cable that operates in a superconducting
state, efficiently conducting electricity without
esistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling
he magnets to ‑271.3°C – 
a temperature colder than outer space. For this
eason, much of the accelerator is connected to a
distribution system of liquid helium, which cools
 FUTURE ACCELERATORS

• compact linear
collider
 Past and Present accelerators
• Large electron positron collider
• Low energy antiproton ring
• Intersecting storage lines
• Linac 1
• Linac 2
• Linac 3
• Linac 4
• LEIR
• LHC
• Ps booster
• Elena
• Antiproton decelarator
• Super proton synchroton
HOPE YOU GOT GOOD KNOWLEDGE ABOUT
PARTICLE /CHARGE ACCELERATORS AND ENJOYED
THE JOURNEY WITH ME