5.

0 THREE PHASE SYSTEM

ET 201

BAKISS HIYANA BAU BAKAR

JKE, POLISAS

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Explain AC circuit concept and their analysis

using AC circuit law.
2. Apply the knowledge of AC circuit in solving
problem related to AC electrical circuit.

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 THREE
PHASE
SYSTEM

UNDERSTAND
THREE PHASE
SYSTEM

UNDERSTAND THE
THREE PHASE
CONFIGURATIONS

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5.1 UNDERSTAND THREE PHASE SYSTEM
5.1.1 EXPLAIN THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF A THREE PHASE SYSTEM

 3 phase supply is generated when 3 coils are placed 120° apart and the whole
rotated in a uniform magnetic field.

 The result is three independence supplies of equal voltages which are each
displaced by 120°.

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 The convention adopted to identify each of the phase voltages is :
R-red, Y-yellow and B-blue.

 The phase sequence is given by the sequence in which the conductors pass
the point initially taken by the red conductor.

 The national standard phase sequence is R,Y,B.

 2 ways to interconnect the three phases:

(a) Star connection
(b) Delta connection

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5.2 UNDERSTAND THREE PHASE SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS
5.2.1 LIST THE ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION OF THREE PHASE
SYSTEM COMPARED TO SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM

APPLICATIONS:

 Two voltage are available ( star & delta connection ):

(a) Star connection: domestic user
(b) Delta connection: industrials user

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ADVANTAGES:
CRITERI 3 PHASE SINGLE PHASE
A
COST- The size of conductor in 3 phase is 75% For a given amount of power
Cheap only the size of conductors in a single transmitted through a system,
phase with the same rating of power. the single phase system requires
conductors with a bigger cross
sectional area.
Three phase system requires conductors This means use more copper so
with a smaller cross sectional area. This the cost will increase.
means a saving of copper ( or aluminum )
and thus the original installation costs are
less.
POWER Also available in a range of sizes A single phase motor power is
RANGE & ( 1horse-power to many thousands of limited.
SIZE horse-power ) and they usually have only Bigger size,
one moving part.
Generally smaller

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ADVANTAGES:
CRITER 3 PHASE SINGLE PHASE
IA
POWER There is never a time when all the voltage go Voltage drops to 0 every half-
to 0, the power stays constant throughout the cycle. Therefore the amount of
whole cycle. power not constant over time.
This give the vibration free drive. This will cause a vibration in
a large motor application.
MAINTE Three phase motors are very robust, relatively Expensive, unsteady output
NANCE cheap, provide steadier output and require and need high maintenance.
little maintenance compared with single
phase motors.

SELF- Three phase motors can have a high starting Do not have good starting
STARTIN torque and the rotating magnetic field in very torque and they have a
G smooth. complex starting switch in
some cases.

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 5.2.2 EXPLAIN THE THREE PHASE E.M.F GENERATION
 Three-phase generators have three coils fixed at 120° to each other with the same
amplitude and frequency.

 The phases are normally called red (R), yellow (Y) and blue (B).

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 The loops are being rotated anti-clockwise and each loop is producing exactly the
same emf with the same amplitude and frequency but the loop Y Lags loop R by
1200 and the loop B lags loop Y by 1200.   

  This is the same for the associated loop Y 1, B 1, and R 1 . At any moment the e.m.f
generated in the three loops are as follows .

 e R = E m sin ( θ )
e Y = E m sin ( θ - 1200)
e B = E m sin ( θ - 2400 )

― 2 ways to generate 3 phase:

 Rotate the coil in the constant magnetic field.
 Rotate the magnetic field around the static coils.

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 Three phase e.m.f vector Three phase e.m.f vector
diagram ( geometry ) diagram ( conversional )

- Select 1 phase as reference. - Show that each phase have

- Show the concept of leading & difference 120°.
lagging.

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 5.2.3 IDENTIFY CONNECTION AND VECTOR/PHASE DIAGRAM FOR:
(a) Delta system

Connection diagram

Physical connection Conversional connection

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Vector diagram

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(b) Star System
Connection diagram

Physical connection Conversional connection

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Vector diagram

Vector equation:

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 5.2.4 DETERMINE THE PHASE VOLTAGE, PHASE CURRENT, LINE
VOLTAGE AND LINE CURRENT FOR DELTA AND STAR SYSTEMS

Phase voltage (Vph): Voltage induce in each coil

Phase current ( Iph) : Current induce in each coil

Line voltage ( VL) : Voltage across any two life terminal.

Line current ( IL) : Current across any life terminal

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STAR CONNECTION

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DELTA CONNECTION

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Delta connection:

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Star connection:

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(a) COMPARE THE DELTA AND STAR QUANTITIES

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 5.2.5 DEFINE BALANCED LOAD IN A THREE PHASE
SYSTEM
 Hence with balanced loads there is no load in the neutral line at any instant and the
neutral line can be removed resulting in the three wire star system as shown below.

 It can be proved that at every instant, for balanced loads the algebraic sum of the
currents flowing in the three conductors is zero

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5.2.6 CALCULATE TOTAL POWER FOR 3 PHASE SYSTEM USING
FORMULA P = √3VLIL cos θ

Real power (P) : - Also call true power

- Measure in watt (W)
- √3 VL IL cos θ = 3 Vp Ip cos θ

Reactive power (Q) : - measure in volt amperes reactive (VAR).

- √3 VL IL sin θ = 3 Vp Ip sin θ

Apparent power (S) : - measure in volt amperes (VA).

- √(P2 + Q2) = 3 Vp Ip

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 STAR VS DELTA CONNECTION
CRITERIA STAR CONNECTION DELTA CONNECTION

Symbol @

Voltan VL = 3 VPH VL = VPH

Current IL = IPH IL = 3 IPH

Balance condition IN = IR + IY +IB = 0 Vclose circuit= VRY + VYB + VBR = 0

1 phase power in each coil VPH . IPH . kos  VPH . IPH . kos 

3 phase power:
(i) Phase element: 3 .VPH . IPH . kos  3 .VPH . IPH . kos 
(ii) Line element: 3 .VL . IL . kos  3 .VL . IL . kos 

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 5.2.7 SOLVE PROBLEM RELATED TO THREE PHASE SYSTEM

Example 1:
A wye-connected three-phase alternator supplies power to a delta-connected
resistive load, Figure below. The alternator has a line voltage of 480V. Each resistor
of the delta load has 8 Ω of resistance. Find the following values:
VL(Load) — line voltage of the load
VP(Load) — phase voltage of the load
IP(Load) — phase current of the load

Computing three-phase values using a wye-connected power source and a

delta-connected load (Example 1 circuit).
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SOLUTION:
 The load is connected directly to the alternator. Therefore, the line voltage supplied
by the alternator is the line voltage of the load.
VL(Load) = 480 V

 The three resistors of the load are connected in a delta connection. In adelta
connection, the phase voltage is the same as the line voltage.
Vp(Load) = VL(Load)
Vp(Load) = 480 V

 Each of the three resistors in the load is one phase of the load. Now that the phase
voltage is known (480 V), the amount of phase current can be computed using
Ohm’s Law.

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 The three load resistors are connected as a delta with 60 A of current flow in each
phase. The line current supplying a delta connection must be √3 times greater than
the phase current.

** note:
√3 = 1.732

 The alternator must supply the line current to the load or loads to which it is
connected. In this example, only one load is connected to the alternator. Therefore,
the line current of the load will be the same as the line current of the alternator.

 The phase windings of the alternator are connected in a wye connection. In a wye
connection, the phase current and line current are equal. The phase current of the
alternator will, therefore, be the same as the alternator line current.

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 The phase voltage of a wye connection is less than the line voltage by a factor of
the square root of 3. The phase voltage of the alternator will be:

 In this circuit, the load is pure resistive. The voltage and current are in phase with
each other, which produces a unity power factor of 1. The true power in this circuit
will be computed using the formula:

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