Communication

★ Khansa Qasim
★ Shanza Farooq
★ Airsh Amin
★ M. Abdullah
Outline

1. Communication
2. Elements of the communication
3. Process of communication
4. Ways of communication
5. Characteristics of the effective verbal communication
6. Factors that facilitates and interfere with the effective communication
7. Techniques that facilitate and interfere with effective communication
8. Ways to respond therapeutically
9. Non therapeutically respond
Communication

 Communication is any means of exchanging information

or feelings between two or more people.
 The process of sharing information and process of
generating and transmitting
 Meanings.
 Communication is the act of developing meaning among
entities or groups through the use of sufficiently mutually
understood signs, symbols, and semiotic conventions.
Components of communication
The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components
include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two
other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the
sender and the receiver.
Face-to-face communication involves a sender, a message, a receiver, and a response,
or feedback.
➢There are four components of communication
1. SENDER (source or encoder)
2. MESSAGE
3. RECEIVER( decoder)
4. RESPONSE (feed back)
Source/Sender / Encoder

Source/Sender / Encoder is a person who sends the message.

A sender makes use of symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to

convey the message and produce the required response. The first step

the sender is faced with involves the encoding process.

Message

A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the

source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients.

A message may be delivered by various means, including courier,

telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic bus. A message can be the

content of a broadcast.
RECEIVER( decoder)
In the communication process, the "receiver" is the listener,
reader, or observer—that is, the individual (or the group of
individuals) to whom a message is directed. The receiver is also called
the "audience" or decoder. Decoding is conducted by the receiver.
The receiver begins to interpret the symbols sent by the sender,
translating the message to their own set of experiences in order to make
the symbols meaningful.
Response( Feedback)

Receivers are not just passive absorbers of messages;

they receive the message and respond to them.
This response of a receiver to sender's message is
called Feedback. Feedback is your audience's response; it
enables you to evaluate the effectiveness of your message. 
 Most Common
Ways of
Communication

Visual Writing

Body Language Speaking

Importance

The 7 Benefits of Effective Communication in Personal and Professional Settings

○ Building trust. Effective communication fosters trust with others..
○ Preventing or resolving problems. ...
○ Providing clarity and direction. ...
○ Creates better relationships. ...
○ Increases engagement. ...
○ Improves productivity. ...
○ Promotes team building.
Levels of Communication

Intrapersonal Communication:
Intrapersonal communication is a communicator's internal use of language
or thought. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in
the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and
feedback loop.
Example:
Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with one's
self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization,
and even recall and memory
Levels of Communication

Intrpersonal Communication:
Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and
feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods. It often
includes face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions,
body language and gestures.
Example:
Some Examples of Interpersonal Communication;
● Phone Calls. ...
● Meetings. ...
● Presentations. ...
● Emails and Texting.
Difference: Intrapersonal & Interpersonal Communication
Levels of Communication

Public Communication:
Public communication happens when a person or a group of people gather and
start sharing information to an audience or give a presentation on certain topics to
deliver a message.
Example:
Some examples of public communication happen through public speaking events,
conferences, seminars, press conferences and so on. Newspaper editorials and
billboard advertisements are other forms of public communication. Mass media
(newspapers, magazines, radio, TV) are a powerful tool of public communication.
Modes of Communication

Verbal Communication:
The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is
transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his feelings,
thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions,
presentations, and conversations.
Example:
● Advising others regarding an appropriate course of action
● Assertivenes
● Disciplining employees in a direct and respectful manner
● Giving credit to others
● Recognizing and countering objections
Modes of Communication

Non-Verbal Communication:
Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal
platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and body language. It includes
the use of  social cues,  kinesics, distance and physical environments/appearance, of voice and of
touch. It can also include the use of time and eye contact and the actions of looking while talking
and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.
Example:
● Eye contact. ...
● Touch. ...
● Space. ...
● Voice. ...
● Pay attention to inconsistencies.
Factors

1. Development:
Knowledge of language, psychosocial, and intellectual development will
allow the nurse to modify the message accordingly.
2. Gender:
e.g. girls use language to establish intimacy. Boys use language to establish
independence.
3. Values and Perceptions:
Values are standards that influence behaviours. Perceptions are the
personal view of an event.
Factors

4. Personal Space:
The distance people prefer in interactions with others.
A. Intimate distance: touching to 1 ½ feet. Heightened
sensations of heat and smell, and vocalizations that are low. e.g.
positioning.
B. Personal distance: 1 ½ to 4 feet. Voice tones are moderate.
Body heat and smell are less noticed. e.g. sitting with patient,
giving medications, I.V.
C. Social distance: 4 to 12 feet. Clear visual perception of the
whole person.
D. Public distance: 12 to 15 feet. Loud and clear vocalizations.
Factors

5. Territoriality:
Is a concept of the space and things that an individual considers as
belonging to the self. e.g. patient territory.
6. Roles and Relationships:
e.g. student and instructor, nurse and client, and parent and child affect
the communication process. Choices of words, sentences, and tone of voice
vary from role to role.
7. Environment:
To ensure effective communication, environment should be
comfortable.
8. Congruence:
In congruent communication, the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the
message match. If not, not trust.
Factors

9. Interpersonal Attitudes:
Attitudes such as:
A. Caring: involves giving feelings, thoughts, skills and
knowledge.
B. Warmth: conveys friendliness and consideration.
C. Respect: a nurse respect by listening open-mindedly to
others. Elder speak is a speech that gives the message of
dependence and incompetence.
D. Acceptance: accepting attitude allows client to express
feelings. Don’t accept harmful behaviours of clients.
Therapeutic Communication

Definition:
Therapeutic communication is defined as the face-to-face process of
interaction that focuses on advancing the physical and emotional well-being of a
patient. Nurses use therapeutic communication techniques.
Example:
An example of therapeutic nursing communication is when that same nurse
also communicates why they are performing the tasks and asks the patient if
they have any concerns or questions, speaks in a congenial and welcoming
manner, and indicates through body language that the patient's viewpoints are
respected.
Therapeutic Communication Techniques

Attentive Listening:
Attentive listening is listening actively and with mindfulness,
using all the senses, and paying attention to what the client says, does,
and feels as opposed to listening passively with just the ear.
Active listening refers to a pattern of listening that keeps you
engaged with your conversation partner in a positive way. It is the
process of listening attentively while someone else speaks, paraphrasing
and reflecting back what is said, and withholding judgment and advice.
Therapeutic Communication Techniques

Visibly Tuning In:

At times, your nonverbal behavior may be as important,
or more important, than your words. Egan (2014)
describes key nonverbal skills that can be used to visibly
tune in to clients, which is an expression of empathy that
tells “clients that you are with them, and it puts you in
a position to listen carefully to their concerns” the
client says, does, and feels as opposed passively with just
the ear.
Barriers to Communication

● Not Paying Attention.

● Not Speaking With Confidence. ...
● Not Behaving With Confidence. ...
● Obstinacy. ...
● Allegiances. ...
● Love. ...
● The Disgorger. ...
● Insensitivity.