COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

& NETWORKS
CHAPTER #
08
Introduction to Computing
 A Communications Model
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Source
 Generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter
 Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
 Carries data
 Receiver
 Converts received signal into data
 Destination
 Takes incoming data

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 2

 Simplified Communications Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 3

 Simplified Data Communications Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 4

 Direction of Transmission
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 Point to Point
 Communication from one source to one destination
 E.g. Telephone
 Broadcast
 Communication from one source to multiple (all in domain)
destination
 E.g. Radio, TV

Point to Point Broadcast

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 5

 Data Transmission Mode
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Simplex Mode
 Communication takes place only in one direction
 e.g. Television, radio etc.
 Half Duplex Mode
 It can send and receive data in either direction, but only one way at a
time
 e.g. police wireless
 Full Duplex Mode
 Communication is done in both directions at the same time
 e.g. telephone, mobile etc.

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 6

 Key Communications Tasks
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Transmission System Utilization

 Interfacing
 Signal Generation
 Synchronization
 Exchange Management
 Error detection and correction
 Addressing and routing
 Recovery
 Message formatting
 Security
 Network Management
Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 7
 Networking
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Point to point communication not usually practical

 Devices are too far apart
 Large set of devices would need impractical number of
connections
 Solution is a communications network

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 8

 Computer Network
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 A computer network is a collection of computers and

other hardware interconnected by
 communication channels that allow sharing of resources and
information
 When one process in one device is able to send/receive
data to/from one process residing in a remote device, the
two devices are said to be networked
 A network is a group of devices connected to each other
 Networks may be classified into a wide variety of
characteristics
 the medium used to transport the data

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 9

 Motivation for Networks
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Information Access
 Sharing of Resources
 Facilitate Communications

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 10

 What a Network Includes?
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Transmission hardware
 Special-purpose hardware devices
 interconnect transmission media
 control transmission
 run protocol software
 Protocol software
 encodes and formats data
 detects and corrects problems

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 11

 What a Network Does?
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Provides communication that is

 Reliable
 Fair
 Efficient
 From one application to another
 Automatically detects and corrects
 Data corruption
 Data loss
 Duplication
 Out-of-order delivery
 Automatically finds optimal path from source to destination

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 12

 Simplified Network Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 13

 Network Types
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 Personal Area Network

 Local Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Network
 Wide Area Network

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 14

 Personal Area Network (PAN)
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 It is a computer network used for communication among

computerized devices, including telephones and personal digital
assistants
 Works on a very small distance
 Can be used for communication among
 the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or
 for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet
 A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over
wireless network technologies such as IrDA, Wireless USB,
Bluetooth, NFC
 The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters
 A PAN may also be carried over wired computer buses such as USB
and FireWire

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 15

 Local Area Network (LAN)
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 It is a computer network that interconnects computers in a

limited area
 such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using
network media
 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization as attached devices
 Data rates very higher
 Usually broadcast systems

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 16

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 It is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large

campus
 Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN
 ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities
 A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks
(LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as
fiber-optical links

 MANs can also depend on communications channels of

moderate-to-high data rates
 A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization,
but it usually will be used by many individuals and
organizations.
Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 17
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad

area using private or public network transport
 any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan,
regional, or national boundaries
 Large geographical area
 Crossing public rights of way
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits
 Alternative technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 18

 Switching Modes
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Circuit switching
 Packet switching

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 19

 Circuit Switching
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Dedicated communications path established for the duration

of the conversation
 This path is consist of sequence of physical line between
nodes.
 Data generated by the source is only transmitted on this path
 It is fast
 Example
 Telephone network

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 20

 Circuit Switching
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 21

 Packet Switching
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 Data is sent out in a sequence of small chunks

 These small chunks are called packets
 Normally it is not necessary to establish a dedicated path
 Packets passed from node to node between source and
destination
 At each node packet is stored briefly and then transmitted to
the next terminal
 Each packet is passed through the network containing some
path information
 Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer
communications
 It is slow but overall performance is improved

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 22

 Packet Switching
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 23

 Protocols
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 Used for communications between entities in a system

 Must speak the same language
 Entities
 User applications
 e-mail facilities
 terminals
 Systems
 Computer
 Terminal
 Remote sensor

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 24

 Key Elements of a Protocol
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Syntax
 Data formats
 Signal levels
 Semantics
 Control information
 Error handling
 Timing
 Speed matching
 Sequencing

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 25

 Addressing Requirements
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Two levels of addressing required

 Each computer needs unique network address
 Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer needs a
unique address within the computer

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 26

 Advantages of Digital Transmission
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Digital technology
 Low cost LSI/VLSI technology
 Data integrity
 Longer distances over lower quality lines
 Capacity utilization
 High bandwidth links economical
 High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
 Security & Privacy
 Encryption
 Integration
 Can treat analog and digital data similarly

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 27

 Example of Data Networks
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 28

 LAN & Devices
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 29

 LAN Physical Topologies
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 30

 OSI Reference Model
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Open Systems Interconnection

 Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 A layer model
 Seven layers
 Each layer performs a subset of the required communication
functions
 Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
primitive functions
 Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
 Changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 31

 OSI Layers
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 7. Application
 6. Presentation
 5. Session
 4. Transport
 3. Network
 2. Data Link
 1. Physical

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 32

 OSI Layers
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Physical
 Physical interface between devices
 It defines following specifications
 Electrical
 Functional
 Procedural
 Mechanical
 Data Link
 It provides reliable transit of data across a physical link
 Error detection and control
 Physical addressing, network topology, network access, error
notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control
 Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a reliable link

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 33

 OSI Layers
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Network
 Routing and addressing
 It provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems
 Transport of information
 Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technology
 Transport
 Exchange of data between end systems
 Error free communication
 Sequencing
 No losses
 No duplicates
 Quality of service

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 34

 OSI Layers
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

 Session
 The session layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
between two communicating hosts
 Control of dialogues between applications
 Grouping
 Recovery
 Presentation
 Data formats and coding
 Data compression
 Encryption
 Application
 Means for applications to access OSI environment
 closest to the user
 it provides network services to the user’s applications

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 35

 Why a Layered Network Model
S H E H E R YAR MALI K

Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 36

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 37

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 38

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 39

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 40

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 41

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 42

 OSI Reference Model
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Chapter # 11 Introduction to Computing 43