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EXPREimental Research

Exp

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Hoorya Hashmi
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26 views

EXPREimental Research

Exp

Uploaded by

Hoorya Hashmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Experimental research is an attempt by the

researcher to maintain control over all


factors that may affect the result of an
experiment. In doing this, the researcher
attempts to determine or predict what may
occur.
 Experimental design is a blueprint of the
procedure that enables the researcher to
test his hypothesis by reaching valid
conclusions about relationships between
independent and dependent variables.
 Identify and define the problem.
 Formulate hypothesis and deduce its
consequence.
 Construct an experimental that represents
all the elements, conditions, and relations
to the consequence.
 Conduct the experiment.
 Compile raw data and reduce to usable
form.
 Apply an appropriate test of significance.
 Manipulation of an independent variable.
 All variables except the dependent
variable are held constant (control).
 Manipulation of the dependent variable by
the independent variable is observed
(observation).
Experimental control attempts to predict
events that will occur in the experimental
setting by neutralizing the effects of other
factors.
 Physical control
 Selective control
 Statistical control
 Gives all subjects equal exposure to the
independent variable.
 Controls non-experimental variables that

effect the dependent variable.


 Indirectly manipulate by selecting in or out
variables that cannot be controlled.
 Variables not conducive to physical or
selective manipulation may be controlled
by statistical techniques.
Did the experimental treatment
make the difference in this specific
instance rather than extraneous
variables?
 History
 Maturation
 Pre-testing
 Measuring instruments
 Statistical regression
 Differential selection
 Experimental mortality
 Interaction of factors
 The events occurring between the first and
second measurements in addition to the
experimental variable which might affect
the measurement.
 The process of maturing which takes place
in the individual during the duration of the
experiment which is not a result of specific
events but of simply growing older,
growing tired or similar changes.
 The effect created on the second
measurement by having a measurement
before the experiment.
 Changes in instruments, calibration of
instruments, observers or scorers may
cause changes in the measurements.
 Where groups are chosen because of
extreme scores of measurements, those
scores tend to move toward the mean with
repeated measurements even without an
experimental variable.
 Different individuals or groups have
different previous knowledge or ability
which would affect the final measurement
if not taken into account.
 The loss of subjects from comparison
groups could greatly affect the
comparisons because of unique
characteristics of those subjects. Groups to
be compared need to be the same as
before the experiment.
 Combinations of many of these factors
may interact especially in multiple group
comparisons to produce erroneous
measurements.
To what populations, settings,
treatment variables and
measurement variables can this
observed effect be generalized?
 Pre-testing
 Differential selection
 Experimental procedures
 Multiple treatment interference
 Individuals who were pre-tested might be
less or more sensitive to the experimental
variable or might have learned from the
pre-test making them unrepresentative of
the population who had not been pre-
tested.
 The selection of the subjects determines
how the findings may be generalized.
Subjects selected from a small group or
one with particular characteristics would
limit generalizability.
 The experimental procedures and
arrangements have a certain amount of
effect on the subjects in the experimental
settings.
 If the subjects are exposed to more than
one treatment, then the findings could
only be generalized to individuals exposed
to the same treatments in the same order
of presentation.
 Pre-test
 Control group
 Randomization
 Additional groups

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