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SET Theory: Presented By: Richelle Catabay BSED III Mathematics

Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects. A set can be defined by listing its elements between curly brackets or using a description. There are different types of sets such as empty, unit, finite, and infinite sets. Set operations like union, intersection, complement, and difference are used to combine or relate sets.

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55 views

SET Theory: Presented By: Richelle Catabay BSED III Mathematics

Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects. A set can be defined by listing its elements between curly brackets or using a description. There are different types of sets such as empty, unit, finite, and infinite sets. Set operations like union, intersection, complement, and difference are used to combine or relate sets.

Uploaded by

Lovely Carbonel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SET

THEORY

Presented by: Richelle Catabay


SET THEORY
It is a branch of mathematical logic that
studies sets, which informally are
collections of objects. Although any type of
object can be collected into a set, set theory
is applied most often to objects that are
relevant to mathematics. The language of
set theory can be used to define nearly all
mathematical objects.
SET
A collection of objects. The specific objects
within the set are called the elements or
members of the set. Capital letters are
commonly used to name sets.

Examples: Set A= {a, b, c, d, e}

Set B = {1,2,3,4}
Notation - Braces { } can be used to list
the members of a set, with each member
separated by a comma. This is called the
“Roster Method.” A description can also
be used in the braces. This is called “Set-
builder” notation.
Ellipsis - Three dots (...) used within the
braces to indicate that the list continues in
the established pattern. This is helpful
notation to use for long lists or infinite lists.
If the dots come at the end of the list, they
indicate that the list goes on indefinitely (i.e.
an infinite set).

Examples: Set A: Lowercase letters of the


English alphabet
Set Notation: {a, b, c, d,..., z}
Set representations
Kinds of Sets
1. Empty Set
The set that contains no element.
– The empty set is denoted by 
or by { }.
Note:   {}
2. Unit Set or Single
Set
Singleton set or unit set contains only
one element.
A singleton set is denoted by { s }.
Note: A= {s}
3. Finite Set
A set which contains a definite number of
elements.
Example:
A= {12, 13, 14, 15}
A={ x|x is a set of days in a week}
4. Infinite Set
A set which contains infinite number
of elements.
Example:
A= {1,2,3,4,5,... }
5. Equivalent Sets
• Two sets that contain the same number
of distinct elements.
6. Universal Set
• It is a collection of all elements in a particular
context or application. All the sets in that context
or application are essentially subsets of this
universal set. Universal sets are represented as U.

• Example − We may define U as the set of all


animals on earth. In this case, set of all mammals
is a subset of U, set of all fishes is a subset of U,
set of all insects is a subset of U, and so on.
7. Equal Sets
• If two sets contain the same elements they
are said to be equal.

• Example −A = { 1, 2, 6 } and B = { 6, 1, 2
}.
8. Disjoint Sets
• Two sets A and B are called disjoint
sets if they do not have even one
element in common.
• For Example, A = { 1, 2, 6 } and B = {
7, 9, 14 }
9. Subsets
• Every element of first set are/is also an
element in second set.
• Example:
• A={1, 2, 3 } A B
• B= {1, 2, 3 } B C
• C= { 1, 3, 5} C A
10. Overlapping Sets
• Two sets that have at least one
common element are called
overlapping sets.
• Example −A = { 1, 2, 6 } and B = { 6,
12, 42 }.
Set Operations
1. Union of Sets (U)
• Combination of elements of 2 or more
given sets.
2. Intersection of Sets
(∩)
• The Intersection of Sets A and B is the
set of elements that are in both A and
B, i.e. what they have in common. It
can be written as A ∩ B.
Intersection of
Union of Sets Sets
Example: Find the Intersection
and the Union for the Sets A and
B.
3. Complement of a Set
• The Complement of Set A, written as A’ , is the
set of all elements in the given Universal Set (U),
that are not in Set A.
Complement of a Set
4. Set Difference (-)
• The difference (subtraction) is defined
as follows. The set A−B consists of
elements that are in A but not in B.

• For example if A={1,2,3} and B=


{3, 5} then A-B= {1, 2}.
Set Difference
5. Cartesian Product
• A Cartesian product of two sets A and B,
written as A×B, is the set containing
ordered pairs from A and B.

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