COMMUNITY

EXPOSURE AND
SERVICE
Concept of community Nature of community
Elements of community Types of community
 CONCE
• Community as a network or informal
relationships between people connected
PT OF
with each other by kinship, common
COMMU
interest, geographical proximity, friendship,
occupation or the giving and receiving of
NITY
services or various combination of theses.
• The term community describes the nature of
a particular series of connections between
individuals which binds them together into a
group. The coherency of the group will
depend on the number and strength of these
connections between individuals.
• Talcott Parsons defined community as collectivity the members of
which share a common territorial area as their base of operation for
daily activities.

• According to Tonnies community is defined as an organic natural

kind of social group whose members are bound together by the
sense of belonging, created out of everyday contacts covering the
whole range of human activities. He has presented ideal-typical
pictures of the forms of social associations contrasting the
solidarity nature of the social relations in the community with the
large scale and impersonal relations thought to characterize
industrializing societies.
• Kingsley Davis defined it as the smallest territorial group that
can embrace all aspects of social life.
• Karl Mannheim community is any circle of people who live
together and belong together in such a way that they do not share
this or that particular interest only but a whole set of interests.
• Some of the connections which bind people
together into a community
• A. a common geographical area
• B. a common interest
• C. ethnic origin
• D. disability
• E. Common purpose
• F. consistency of interaction
• G. common/shared values, beliefs and
outlook
• H. common perception of experience
• COMMUNITYY AS A GEOGRAPHICAL
CONCEPT
• According to ROBERT E PARK AND ERNEST
W. BURGESS;
• ‘Community is the term which is applied to
societies and social groups where they are
considered from the point of view of the
geographical distribution of the individuals and
institutions of which they are composed.’
COMMUNITY AS A
N
A
T
U
R • Mabel A Elliott and Francies E Merrill
A
L • ‘The community has two related aspects, the
geographical and the psychological.
L Geographically it may be considered as a
O contiguous distribution of people with their
C social institutions….psychologically we may
A think of the community in terms of the
L elements that combine to make it a dynamic
and living entity.’

A
R
E
A
ARTHUR E MORGAN

‘A community is an
association of individuals
and families that plan and
act in concert as
organized unit in meeting
their common needs.’
• The community as a geographical concept
• ‘geographical distribution of the individual
and institution
• The community as a natural local area
characterized by equal stress on both aspects

• Act together in order to provide for mutual

protection and welfare
• living in a contiguous territory
• Participation in collective life which gives
unity to the population of a locality
• The community as a socially homogenous
area characterized by group interaction
• It stresses on consensus ,identification, a
common way of life,
shared interests and values
 1.Group of
people
9. A Particular 2. Definite
name locality

ELEME
8.Wider ends
3.Community
sentiment NTS OF
COMM
7.Size 4. Likeness UNITY
6.Neutrality 5.Permanency
Three elements of
community sentiment

1. We feeling
COMM
UNITY
2.Role feeling
SENTI
MENT
3. Dependency feelings
TYPES OF
COMMUNITY

1. GEOGRAPHIC 2. COMMUNITY OF
COMMUNITY INTEREST
1. production- distribution-
consumption

2. socialization
FUNCTI
3. social control
ONS OF
COMMU
4. social participation
NITY

5. mutual support
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COMMUN
ITY AND
SOCIETY
• Population is one of the most essential
characteristics of a community irrespective of
the consideration whether people have or do
not have conscious relation. Population is
important but here the population is
conditioned by a feeling of oneness. Thus
conscious relations are more important than
the mere population for a society.
• A community by nature is discrete as
compared with society. By nature and
character society is abstract.
• For community area or locality is very
essential and that perhaps is the reason that
the community had a definite shape. Society
is area less and shapeless and for a society
area is no consideration.
• A community has comparatively narrow scope of
community sentiments and as such it cannot have wide
heterogeneity.
• A society has heterogeneity and because of its wide
scope and field can embrace people having different
conflicts.
• The scope of community is narrow than that of society
because community came much later than the society.
Though the primitive people might not have understood
the importance of community but they realized that of the
society and lived in it.
• The society has much wider scope as compared with the
community.
• In a community every effort is made to avoid differences
or conflicts and to bring likeness as nearly as possible
because cooperation and conflicts cannot exist in a
community.
• In a society likeness and conflict can exist side by side
and in fact the scope
of society is so vast that there is every possibility of
adjustment.
• A community cannot be self sufficient because of its
limited scope and nature . It is possible for a society
to become self suficient
COMMU • Community social work is a basic method of
social work which starts from problems
NITY affecting individual or groups, the
responsibilities and resources of social work

SOCIAL departments and informal organizations, it

seeks to support ,enable and formal and

WORK
informal relationships.[BARCLAY]
• Community social work is about
encouraging people to discover their
resources and possibilities in order to
work for positive change in their
community. People have the right to
participate in decision
making process that affecting them.
• Social work with communities is a generalist
practice method that enables individuals and
groups to achieve a more desirable level of life
satisfaction as well as more effective levels of
adaptation.
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE APPROACH

3.communit
1.social 2.social y
action planning developmen
t
• The means and ends of community social
work are not merely to provide people with
services and or resources, to make possible
the process of discovering and learning
together by which communal life is created.
 • It fights against poverty and social exclusion
• It aims to include service users as full and
NATUR •
active citizen
It challenges discrimination by race,
E OF disability, age, religion, gender and sexual
orientation.

COMMU •
•
It is about people working together.
It promotes participation in decision

NITY •
making and gives people more power.
It works for prevent problems.

SOCIAL • It encourage people to learn skills and

knowledge and confidence through

WORK
taking actions.
• It supports joint work. Action can range from
individual self help to lobbying and
campaigning.
 ELEME
NTS OF • Community

COMMU •
•
Needs of community
Institutions
NITY • Representatives

SOCIAL • Process

WORK
• 1. a. community as people
b. community as social system

• 2. felt needs
• community needs assessments
• Needs/problems can be identified by
understanding the community as a whole.
• Particularly concerned with the needs of
those who have been disadvantaged or
oppressed through poverty, discrimination on
the basis of race, class, gender, age or
disability.
3. Formal and informal institutions have been
working for fulfillment of needs of community
and providing services.

4. community worker as community

development worker and community
organizer work as representative. They work
as guide, as enabler, as teacher, as mediator
etc.

5. social work process or community work

process. By itself it cannot possibly substitute for
wider processes of economic, social, and political
changes. But it has the potential to contribute to
such wider process of changes and in relation to
the development of more preventive and more
participatory approaches to social work. The
process can promote more appropriate, more co
ordinated and more democratically accountable
approaches to economic and social planning, to
meet social needs.
 PHILOS
OPHY
• Community social work based on felt needs
• Community social work based on

OF assumptions that people wants to be free

from poverty and pain

COMMU •

•
It is assumed that people wish to have freedom
in controlling their own lives

NITY
Peoples value has given due consideration
• Self help is the base of community social
work
SOCIAL •
•
People are the greatest resources
Community social work involves changes.
WORK
 • Making contact with individuals, groups and
organizations.
• Developing a community profile,
assessing community resources and needs.

TASK • Developing a strategic analysis and planning aims,

objectives and targets.

OF • Working productively with conflict, within and

between groups and organizations.

COMMU • Working with individuals, including

counselling

NITY
WORKE
RS
• Managing resources, including staff, time and
budgets
• Supporting group and
organizations in obtaining
resources
• Monitoring and evaluating progress and the
most effective uses of resources
• Collaborating and negotiating with
other agencies and professions
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
DEFINI
Community: a “group of people with a common
characteristic or interest living together within a
larger society” or a “body of persons or nations
TIONS having a common history or common social,
economic, and political interests
 Community Development

DEFINI  a process whereby the efforts of Government

TIONS are united with those of the people to
improve the social, cultural, and economic
conditions in communities
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
“Community development is the participation of people in a
mutual learning experience involving themselves, their local
resources, external change agents, and outside resources. People
cannot be developed. They can only develop themselves by
participating in activities which affect their wellbeing. People
are not being developed when they are herded like animals into
new ventures.”

Julius Nyerere, 1968

UNITED NATION’S
REPORT STATES THAT:

“Community Development is the

process designed to create conditions
of economic and social progress for
whole of community development
with its active participation and
fullest possible reliance on
community initiative.”
 BACKGR
OUND  Community Development seeks to empower
individuals and groups of people by providing
AND them with the skills they need to effect
change within their communities. These skills
CONCEPT are often created through the formation of

OF large social groups working for a common

agenda.

COMMU  It is a broad term given to the practices of

civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and
NITY professionals to improve various aspects of
communities, typically aiming to build
DEVELO stronger and more resilient local communities

PMENT
 BACKGR
OUND  Community development is a process where
community members come together to take
AND collective action and generate solutions to
common problems.“
CONCEPT  Community development is a process where
OF community members come together to take
collective action and generate solutions to
COMMU common problems. Community wellbeing
(economic, social, environmental and
NITY cultural) often evolves from this type of
collective action being taken at a grassroots
DEVELO level.

PMENT
 BACKGR
OUND  Community development is a grassroots
process by which communities:
AND  Become more responsible

CONCEPT  Organize and plan together

 Develop healthy lifestyle options
OF  Empower themselves

COMMU  Reduce poverty and suffering

 Create employment and economic
NITY opportunities
 Achieve social, economic, cultural and
DEVELO environmental goals

PMENT
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
APPROACHES TO
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Capacity building
Social capital
Nonviolent direct action
Economic development
Community economic development
Sustainable development
Community-driven development(CDD)
Asset-Based Community Development(ABCD)
Faith-based community development;
Community-based participatory research(CBPR)
Community organizing
Participatory planning
APPROACHES TO
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Capacity building
Social capital
Nonviolent direct action
Economic development
Community economic development
Sustainable development
Community-driven development(CDD)
Asset-Based Community Development(ABCD)
Faith-based community development;
Community-based participatory research(CBPR)
Community organizing
Participatory planning
 COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMEN
T PROJECTS
Community development projects
are aimed at strengthening local
communities.
There are many different ways to
develop communities. Types of
community development projects
include those aimed at improving the
safety of its members, and enhancing
social and cultural performance in the
region.
Financing community development
projects, foundations, and local
organizations can motivate the
community cities and villages for the
purpose of future growth and
development.
 Some development programs can be
directed to assisting specific segments of the
population to satisfy their social needs.
Decrease in unemployment rate
projects.
This assistance can be realized through
building job training centers for the
TYPES OF unemployed and helping adults in the
COMMUNITY community find employment. To achieve
this goal, local companies can cooperate
DEVELOPMENT with community organizations to hire
PROJECTS displaced workers. The programs provide
job-related training, job search assistance,
and other programs. Job placement
programs that are aimed at lowering an
unemployment rate can also involve
educational programs that are conducted at
universities and colleges.
 Homelessness prevention projects.
Community programs aimed at preventing
homelessness in the community can involve
upgrading facilities for homeless people,
economic empowerment for low-income
families, helping no-income families in gaining
access to public funding and receiving help from
the government.
TYPES OF Neighborhood stabilization projects.
COMMUNITY A neighborhood stabilization programs are
DEVELOPMENT dealing with foreclosures and home
PROJECTS abandonment. The local governments can
purchase foreclosed and abandoned homes in
the community region. The thing is abandoned
homes often become centers of various crimes.
Neighborhood stabilization programs may
demolish an abandoned home or redevelop it for
more productive use. It helps in improving the
overall economic outlook.
 Domestic violence community projects.
Such projects provide relief to the victims of
abuse. The programs create and upgrade
facilities for domestic violence victims or offer
safe places for survivors of domestic violence
and their children. These programs are also
aimed at psychological support and encouraging
survivors of domestic violence. The victims may
also be provided with the legal help and advise
TYPES OF on the possible methods of acting against the
COMMUNITY abuser.
DEVELOPMENT Cultural development programs.
PROJECTS
The cultural component of a community is vital
to its stable growth. By encouraging a local
cultural life, a village, town or city can help
enhance its reputation as a comfortable,
enjoyable place to live. Creating a local chorus,
city orchestra is an example of the culture-based
community development programs.
  Social Welfare Development and Reform
Project

This is a funding project to continue support of

the Pantawid Pamilya, the Philippines’ conditional
cash transfer (CCT) program. It ensures that
health and education services are used effectively
COMMUNITY for poor children.
DEVELOPMENT Currently assisting more than four million poor
PROJECTS families and 11 million children, Pantawid
Pamilya’s objective is to provide aid to poor and
struggling households. Doing so helps protect
them from crises such as economic issues and
natural disasters, and it reduces poverty numbers.
  Flood Funding in Metro Manila

The Philippine government, with the help of the

World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank, is creating a funding project for the Metro
Manila area, which is the urban area that surrounds
the Philippines’ capital city, Manila.
COMMUNITY Because of typhoon season, ranging from June to
DEVELOPMENT October, flooding is a major problem within the
PROJECTS metro Manila area. In 2009, Tropical Storm Ondoy
(Ketsana) caused damage equalling 2.7 percent of the
entire economy. When flooding like this takes place,
it is easy for people to fall back into poverty because
of the strain it puts on their economic situation.
COMMUNITY BUILDING
AND COMMUNITY
PRACTICES
 According to media scholar, Henry
Jenkins, characteristics of a participatory
culture include the following:

• relatively low barriers to engagement

• strong support for sharing with others
• informal mentorship
• participants believe their contributions
COMMUNITY
matter
BUILDING • not every participant must contribute
every time, but all must feel they are free
to contribute when they are ready and
that what they contribute will be
appropriately valued.
 The activities of a community of practice
are dependent on an environment of
mutual respect and trust, which
encourages a willingness to:

COMMUNITY •share ideas

PRACTICE •expose one’s knowledge gaps
•ask difficult questions, and
•listen carefully.