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CompArch CH 1 1

The document provides an overview of a computer architecture and organization course, including introducing the instructor, course objectives like examining computer components and performance enhancements, assessment details, and an introduction to topics like digital computers, computer evolution, and the distinction between architecture and organization. Key concepts are defined, such as digital computers representing information discretely and how computers have evolved for various applications and uses.

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Esuyawkal Adugna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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24 views

CompArch CH 1 1

The document provides an overview of a computer architecture and organization course, including introducing the instructor, course objectives like examining computer components and performance enhancements, assessment details, and an introduction to topics like digital computers, computer evolution, and the distinction between architecture and organization. Key concepts are defined, such as digital computers representing information discretely and how computers have evolved for various applications and uses.

Uploaded by

Esuyawkal Adugna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture and

Organization (Eeng 3192)


Instructor: Eneyachew T.
1. Basic Info + Introduction
Basic Info
• Instructor: Eneyachew Tamir
• Email: [email protected]
• Office: Power Lab, 4th door
• Important notes:
– Lecture and tutorial dates are changed:
• Lecture: Tuesday
• Tutorial: Friday
Important notes…
• Assessment
– Assignments:
• Assignment 1 (due Feb 05) from chapters 1 and 2 15%
• Assignment 2 (due Mar 28) from chapter 3 30%
• Assignment 3 (due April 26) from chapter 4 20%
• Assignment 4 (due May 13) from chapters 5 & 6 15%
– Quizzes:
• Quiz 1 (March) 10%
• Quiz 2 (April) 5%
– Mid Exam (April 05) 40%
– Final (as per the program) 60%
– Attendance 5%
Assignment submission
• Policy:
– No late assignments will be accepted
– Two or more assignments with EXACTLY SAME
solutions will all be disqualified
– Dates may vary
Course Objectives
• Review development of computer systems
• Examine the design and operation of the major
building blocks of a computer system
– Distinguish b/n architecture and organization
– Identify basic hardware components and how
they’re integrated
– Describe relationship b/n instruction sets and HW
• Investigate performance enhancements for
each component
Chapter 1 - Introduction
• In this chapter:
– Digital computers
– Computer organization and architecture
– Computer evolution and performance
Digital computers
• A digital computer is a digital system that performs
various computational tasks
– First digital computers – developed for computation
– Digital – info is represented by variables that take limited
no of discrete values
– Discrete values are processed internally by components
that maintain limited no of states
– In practice, digital computers function more reliably if
only 2 states are used. This is because:
• Limitation of components
• Human logic tends to be binary
– Info is represented in digital computers in groups of bits
Digital computers
• How do computers work?
• What do we mean by a computer?
− Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices
− Different uses: general computation, graphics, finance,
genomics, automobiles…
− Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Sun…
− Different underlying technologies and different costs

• Historically, a computer was a job title, not a piece of


equipment!
Classes of computers
• Desktop computers
– Personal computers
– Only about 40 years old
– Good performance, single user, low cost
– Execute third party software
Classes of computers
• Servers
− mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers
− Accessed via network
− Large workloads
− Single complex application (scientific, engineering, etc)
− Many small jobs (WWW)

− Customized applications, for particular function


− Emphasis on dependability
Classes of computers
• Embedded computers
− Found in cars, airplanes, washing machines, cell
phones, digital TVs
− One application only, or small set of applications
− Integrated with hardware
− Cost and power constraints
− Limited performance, but least tolerance for failure
What are we studying?
• Computer Evolution and Performance
– Organization and Architecture
• The computer system
– Basic components
– Interconnection
• The CPU
– Computer Arithmetic
– Instruction Sets
• Characteristics and Functions
• Addressing Modes and Formats
What are we studying
• The CPU …
– Processor Structure and Function
– RISC
– The Control Unit
• Control Unit Operation
• Implementation
• Memory Unit
– Memory hierarchy
– Cache memory
– Main memory
– External memory
What are we studying…
• Input output
– Peripheral devices
– I/O techniques
– DMA

• Operating systems
• Parallel processing
Why we study it
• Build software that people use (need performance)
• Make a purchasing decision or offer “expert” advice
• Understand the performance impact of both
hardware and software:
− Algorithm determines number of source-level statements
− Language/Compiler/Architecture determine machine instructions
− Processor/Memory determine how fast instructions are executed
Applications
• Applications that drive computer performance:
− Weather forecasting
− Oceanography
− Seismic/petroleum exploration
− Medical research and diagnosis
− Aerodynamics and structure analysis
− Nuclear physics
− Artificial intelligence
− Military
− Socio-economics
How do computers work?
• Need to understand abstractions such as:
– Applications software
– Systems software
– Assembly language
– Machine language
– Architectural issues: i.e., caches, virtual memory,
pipelining
– Sequential logic, finite state machines
– Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
– Boolean logic, 1s and 0s
– Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)
– Semiconductors used to build transistors
– Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics
Architecture and Organization
• Distinction between architecture and organization:
• Computer architecture:
− Attributes visible to the programmer
− Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, memory addressing
techniques
− Example: Is there a multiply instruction?
Architecture and Organization
• Computer architecture – cont.:
− Baer:
− “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful
tool to the programmer”
− Hennessy and Patterson:
− “The interface between the hardware and the lowest level
software”
− Foster:
− “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to
work with”
Architecture and Organization
• Computer organization
− How features are implemented
− Realize the architectural specifications
− Hardware details transparent to programmer
− Control signals, interfaces between computer
and peripherals, memory technology
− Example: Is there a hardware multiply unit or
is it done by repeated addition?
Architecture and Organization
• Computer manufacturers offer a family of models:
− Same architecture
− Different organizations
• Examples:
− All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
− The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture
• What are the benefits?
− Code compatibility (at least backwards)
− Customization (different constraints on performance
and price)
Architecture and organization
• Example: instruction set architecture
– A very important abstraction
– Interface between hardware and low-level software
– Standardizes instructions, machine language bit
patterns, etc.
• Advantage
– Different implementations of the same architecture
• Disadvantage
– May prevent new innovations
• Modern instruction set architectures:
– IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC…
Study:
Text – Chapter 1
Ref 1 – Chapter 1

Next class:
> performance
> chapter 2

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