CHAPTER 3

AXIALLOAD
Application
Application
Application
P  qa
A
a
2P 2P

B
q
4a

C
 Contents
1 Definition – Internal force
2 Stress
3 Strain
4 Material properties
5 Design of axially loaded members
6 Strain energy

7 Energy method
8 Statically indeterminate structures
I. Definition – Internal force

1.1. Definition

P P

q q
z

Nz
I. Definition – Internal force
2. Normal force diagram
1. Normal force function

P P
A P Nz

z q

l 1
1 q
Nz

B
P+ql z

 N z  qz  P
I. Definition – Internal force

1.2.2. Graphical method for constructing normal force diagrams

N Btr ,z Nz
A 1 3 3
P
1 1 1 P q
B dz
2B 2
2 4 4
3 q3 2 N zd ,B N z  dNz
dz
4 4
z
C  dN 
N Bd , z  N Btr ,z  P q dz

 N Cz
 N B
 R BC
z
q
I. Definition – Internal force

1.2.2. Graphical method for constructing normal force diagrams

Nd ,B
 N tr ,B  P qa
Step 1: z z qa
A
dN z a
F

dz q 3qa 2qa
B
Step 2:
N C
NBR BC
Z z
q 3a 3F q

C
P0 qa
Nz
I. Definition – Internal force

Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns

I. Definition – Internal force
Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns

P1 220kN P2  640kN

I. Definition – Internal force
Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns

P P P P  qa P
A
A qa qa A qa
a a A a P P
a A a 2P 2P
3P 2P 3P B
B
B B B P P
q a a
q C
2a 2a C
a 2P 4a q 4a q
C C D

C D
II. Stress

2.1. Axial deformation

II. Stress

2.1. Axial deformation

Plane section remains plane
In particular, the normal strains occurring within the material are
very small compared to 1, so that  z  const
This assumption has wide practical application in engineering, and it
is often referred to as a small strain analysis => τ = 0

On secsion only normal stress

z

z
II. Stress

2.2. Stress formula z

Hooke’s law: z Ez z Ez

E – modulus elasticity

Since εz = const on section  z  const z

Relationship of normal force and normal stress: Nz

Nz
Nz  zF z 
   z dF  z dF
F
F F

Nz – internal normal force on cross section

 z  Nz
F – cross-sectional area F
II. Stress
Problem: Determine the normal stress of points A, B, C, D in the bar

C
B
15kN 20kN

B A

900N
II. Stress
Problem: Determine the normal stress of points A, B, C, D in the bar.
Draw distributed normal stress

C
8kN
3kN
Problem

The A-36 steel rod is subjected to the axial forces shown. The rod have a
cross-sectional area of F = 100mm2. Determine the maximum stress of
the rod .
Problem

The column AC is subjected to the axial forces shown. Determine the

maximum stress of the column.

P qa
qaA
A
a
2P 2P a F
3qa
B B
q
4a
3a 3F q

C
C
Problem

The rigid bar is supported by the pin-connected rod CD that has a cross-
sectional area of F = 50mm2.
Determine the maximum stress of structure.

2m D 1m
P
II. Stress

2.3. Stress concentrations

II. Stress

2.3. Stress concentrations

II. Stress
2.3. Stress concentrations
Stress-concentration factors  max
K
 avg
II. Stress
2.3. Stress concentrations
Stress-concentration factors  max
K
 avg
II. Stress
2.3. Stress concentrations
Stress-concentration factors  max
K
 avg
II. Stress
2.3. Stress concentrations
Stress-concentration factors  max
K
 avg
II. Stress
2.3. Stress concentrations
Stress-concentration factors  max
K
 avg
II. Stress
Problem: Determine the maximum normal stress developed in the bar
when it is subjected to a tension of P = 8kN.

Problem: If the allowable normal stress for the bar is σallow = 120MPa,
determine the maximum axial force P that can be applied to the bar.
II. Stress

Problem: The steel bar has the dimensions shown. Determine the
maximum axial force P that can be applied so as not to exceed an
allowable tensile stress of σallow = 150MPa.
II. Stress
2.4. Stresses on inclined sections

p u
N
 
Nz Nz Fz F
Nz
q u
Q
v
U  0  N z cos Nu  0
  N u  N z cos
V  0  N z sin Qv  0    N z sin
Qv
Fz
We have: Fu 
cos

 u 
u
  z cos 
2

=> Stresses on inclined section:

 NFu

 uv  Qv  zsin 2
Fu 2
II. Stress
2.4. Stresses on inclined sections
 u   cos 2

 z

 z

 uv  sin uoruv
 2 2 z z
z
A
u
0,
5z z z
2 2

uv
0,
5z  max  z
max  z B
 z z 2
 z 2
2
  2
max
min
III. Strain
* Absolute deformation b
Before deformation
b
1
L − elongation
L
b  b 
b1
After deformation
* Relative deformation
L
L b
 z − normal strain *  − transverse strain
L b

 * z

Where: ν –Poisson’s ratio
III. Strain

- Normal strain of 1 unit length:  z   z


Nz
E
- Normal strain of length zdz
dz  EF
dz:
- Elongation of length
L   z dz
L:
L
Nz
d
L  L EF z
Where: dz

Nz – normal force dz

F – cross-sectional
area
E – modulus of elasticity
III. Strain

Special case
Nz
* If
EF  const on L:

Nz L
L 
EF
III. Strain

Special case
* If EF = const on
Li:
P qa
A qa
n
 SN 
z

a E, L   
3P 2qa i1  EF i
F
B
q E,
3a 2F Where SNz – area of normal force diagram
C
qa
Nz

1 2qa.2a 1

qa. qa.a  qa 2

LAC   
a EF 2 E.2F 2
E.2F 4EF
IV. Material properties
IV. Material properties

1. Tension – compression test of a ductile

material
• Note the critical status for strength specification
 proportional limit
 elastic limit
 yield stress
 ultimate stress
 fracture stress
IV. Material properties

4.1. Tension – compression test of a ductile

material
Modulus of elasticity:  z

D
b
E
f
ch B C
tl
A


O 
z

E  tg
Hooke’s law: 
Failure stress:

 0   tl ten
tl  com
t
l
IV. Material properties

4.2. Tension – compression test of a brittle

material
nén
b

kéo
b

Failure stress:
 k   k   n 
 0n b 0
IV. Material properties

Problem: Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are given
in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and the first point.
Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus of elasticity.
IV. Material properties

Problem: The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for a

steel
alloy is shown in the figure. determine the modulus of elasticity
IV. Material properties

Problem: The stress–strain diagram for a polyester resin is given in the

figure. Determine the modulus of elasticity
V. Design for axial loading structure

5.1. Condition of reliability

 max  

[σ] – allowable
stress Find dangerous point
   n (σmax=?)
0

σ0 – the failure
stress.
n – the factor of safety. Nz  0
Ductile material:  0  tl  tlk  n  max 
F max
  n
 tl

 Nz    0k
 max  
 F  max   k n
Brittle material:  0k  bk  0n  n

 b  Nz    0n
 min    
  mi   n
F n