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Lecture-6 Lab

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101 views12 pages

Lecture-6 Lab

Uploaded by

mindless9
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOLERANCING SYSTEMS

1. NEED FOR TOLERANCING

• Tolerancing of parts allows control of dimensions and to imply a certain precision.


• Controls the maximum and minimum sizes of parts for proper mutual fitting.
• The desired tolerance can affect the tooling selection to produce it. Higher tolerances
require less precise tooling than lower ones.
2. TYPES OF GENERAL FIT

• The interaction between a hole and a shaft is called a Fit.


• Three types of Fit
A. Clearance Fit
B. Interference Fit
C. Transition Fit
A. Clearance Fit

• The shaft is always smaller than the hole, i.e., the shaft clears the hole leaving a gap.
• The amount of clearance or gap varies with the tolerance value on particular holes and
shafts.
• The maximum clearance is found by subtracting the smallest shaft from the largest hole,
whereas the minimum clearance is found by subtracting the largest shaft from the
smallest hole.

Tolerance in shaft = 0.004” ; Tolerance in hole = 0.008”


Maximum clearance = 0.508 – 0.493 = 0.015”
Minimum clearance = 0.500 – 0.497 = 0.003”
B. Interference Fit

• The shaft is always larger in diameter than the hole prior to assembly. Also known as
Force Fit.
• Allows for a permanent assembly held together by friction.
• The maximum clearance (minimum interference) is found by subtracting the smallest
shaft from the largest hole, whereas the minimum clearance (maximum interference)
is found by subtracting the largest shaft from the smallest hole. The clearance is
always negative in an interference fit.

Tolerance in shaft = 0.003” ; Tolerance in hole = 0.008”


Maximum clearance (Minimum Interference) = 0.508 - 0.509 = - 0.001”
Minimum clearance (Maximum Interference) = 0.500 - 0.512 = - 0.012”
C. Transition Fit

• Maximum clearance is positive and the minimum clearance negative.


• The shaft may clear the hole with a gap or may have to be forced into the hole.
• Used only for locating a shaft relative to a hole, where accuracy is important but either
a clearance or an interference is permitted.
• The maximum and minimum clearances are found in the same way as found in
clearance and Interference fits.

Tolerance in shaft = 0.011” ; Tolerance in hole = 0.008”


Maximum clearance = 0.508 - 0.498 = 0.010”
Minimum clearance = 0.500 - 0.509 = - 0.009”
3. DEFINITIONS

i. Nominal Size
The size used for general description.
Example: ¾-in shaft.

ii. Basic Size


The size used when the nominal size in converted to a pure decimal and from which
deviations are made to produce limit dimensions.
Example: 0.7500-in shaft, which is the basic size for a ¾-in nominal size shaft.

iii. Limit Dimensions


The upper and lower permitted sizes for a single feature.
Example: 0.7500 in – 0.7506 in, where 0.7500 in is the lower-limit dimension and
0.7506 in is the upper-limit one.

iv. Tolerance
The total permitted variation in size for a feature. Tolerance equals the difference
between the upper and lower-limit dimensions for a feature.
Example: For item iii above, the tolerance is 0.7506 – 0.7500 = 0.0006 in.
v. Bilateral Tolerance
A way to express tolerance by using both plus and minus variation from a given size.
Example: 1.25 ± 0.003 in. The limit dimensions are 1.247 and 1.253 in. The total
tolerance is 0.006 in.

vi. Unilateral Tolerance


A way to express tolerance by using only a plus or minus variation from a given size.
+ 0.000 + 0.003
Example: 2.125 – 0.005 or 1.375 – 0.000
The first case uses a minus variation (-0.005), and the second case uses a plus
variation (0.003).

vii. Fit
The general term to describe the range of tightness designed into parts which
assemble one into another, leading to the specific types of fits.

viii. Clearance Fit


A fit in which one part fits easily into another with a resulting clearance gap.

ix. Interference Fit


A fit in which one part must be forcibly fitted into another.
x. Transition Fit
A fit in which the loosest case provides a clearance fit and the tightest case gives an
interference fit.

xi. Allowance
An alternative term for tightest possible fit, that is, minimum clearance or maximum
interference.

xii. Basic-Hole System


A system in which the basic size appears as one of the limit dimensions of the hole,
but not of the shaft.
Example: For a basic size of 2.000, the limit dimensions of the hole might be 2.000
and 2.007 in. For the corresponding shaft, the limit dimensions could be 1.994 and
1.989 in, as an example.

xiii. Basic-Shaft System


A system in which the basic size is included as one of the limit dimensions of the
shaft, but not of the hole.
Example: For a basic size of 2.000, the limit dimensions on the shaft could be 2.000
and 2.005 in. The corresponding hole could be 2.011 and 2.018 in. This example
gives the same tolerance, minimum clearance, and maximum clearance as for the
basic-hole system.
xiv. Maximum-Material Condition
The condition in which a hole is at its smallest limit dimension and a shaft is at its largest
limit dimension. This condition exists at minimum clearance (or maximum interference).

xiv. Minimum-Material Condition


The condition in which a hole is at its largest limit dimension and a shaft is at its smallest
limit dimension. This condition exists at maximum clearance (or minimum interference).

Maximum-Material Condition is 0.500 in for the hole and 0.509 in for the shaft.
Minimum-Material Condition is 0.508 in for the hole and 0.498 in for the shaft.
4. CUMULATIVE TOLERANCES

Tolerances are said to be cumulative when a position in a given direction is controlled by


more than one tolerance.

Successive dimensioning. Tolerances accumulate

The holes are positioned one from another. Thus, the distance between two holes separated
by two, three, or four dimensions will vary in position by the sum of the tolerances on all the
dimensions. This difficulty can be eliminated by dimensioning from one position, which is
used as a datum for all dimensions.
Dimensioning from datum
Position of surface Y with respect to surface W is This dimensioning is good if it is more important to
controlled by the additive tolerances on dimensions hold surface Y with respect to surface W.
A and B. If it is important to hold surface Y with Cumulative tolerance will always be there. The
respect to surface X, the dimensioning used is position of surface Y with respect to surface X is
good. now subject to the cumulative tolerances of
dimensions A and C.

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