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Types of Hypothesis

The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research studies. It defines a research hypothesis as a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. A null hypothesis states that there is no difference or effect, which researchers aim to disprove. Other hypothesis types covered include hypotheses of difference, point prevalence, and association. The document also discusses characteristics of research hypotheses like being synthetic statements and the principle of falsifiability.

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Ankit Jindal
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237 views26 pages

Types of Hypothesis

The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research studies. It defines a research hypothesis as a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. A null hypothesis states that there is no difference or effect, which researchers aim to disprove. Other hypothesis types covered include hypotheses of difference, point prevalence, and association. The document also discusses characteristics of research hypotheses like being synthetic statements and the principle of falsifiability.

Uploaded by

Ankit Jindal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Research Hypothesis

Research Hypothesis (H1) is the specific testable


prediction about the independent and dependent
variable in your study.
An example would be
"Children who are exposed to regular singing of the
alphabet will show greater recognition of letters than
children who are exposed to regular pronouncing of
the alphabet"
Notice the IV is specified (singing compared to
pronouncing) and the DV is specified (recognition of
letters is what will be measured).
Null Hypothesis or Alternate
Hypothesis
The null Hypothesis (H0) is a hypothesis which the
researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.
An experiment conclusion always refers to the null,
rejecting or accepting H0 rather than H1.
Example
We want to Study the smoking pattern in a
community in relation to gender differentials.
The following Hypothesis could be constructed
1.There is no significant difference in the proportion of
male and female smokers in the study population.
Hypothesis Of difference
A Hypothesis in which a researcher specify that there
will be a difference but does not specify its magnitude
(Quantity) is called hypothesis of difference
Example
A greater proportion of females than males are
smokers in the study population.
Hypothesis of Point Prevalence
When the researcher specify almost exact prevalence
of a situation, this type of hypothesis is called
Hypothesis of Point prevalence.
Example
A total of 60 percent of females and 30 percent males
in the study population are smokers.
Hypothesis of Association
This type of hypothesis specify extent of a
relationship in terms of prevalence of a phenomenon
in different population subgroups .
Example
There are twice as many female smokers as male
smokers in the study population
Types of
hypothesis

Alternate Research
Hypothesis Hypothesis

Hypothesis Hypothesi
Null Point Associ
of No s of
Hypothesis Prevalence ation
difference Difference
There are two types of hypotheses: descriptive and
directional.
1.Descriptive Hypothesis
Descriptive hypotheses ask a specific question
regarding some phenomenon. For example, we might
want to study this research question: what are the
social and economic characteristics of patients who
have high blood pressure?
 A descriptive hypotheses that would test a part of the
above research question is: what is the distribution of
hypertensive patients by income level?
Descriptive hypotheses are always phrased in the
form of a question regarding some aspect of the
research question.
Usually a descriptive hypothesis does not include an
active independent variable. When we use an
independent variable, a directional hypothesis is
usually needed.
Directional Hypothesis
Specify the outcome of the experiment
Directional hypothesis are those where one can
predict the direction (effect of one variable on the
other as 'Positive' or 'Negative')

for e.g: Girls perform better than boys ( 'better than'


shows the direction predicted )
Non Directional Hypothesis
Do not predict the exact directional outcome of an
experiment, but only that the groups we are testing will
differ.

for e.g. There will be a difference in the performance


of girls & boys (Not defining what kind of difference)
Characteristics of the Research
Hypothesis
Types of Statements
Synthetic Statements
Are those statements that can be either true of false
(e.g. “Abused children have lower self-esteem
Analytic Statements
Are those statements that are always true (e.g. I am
making an “A” or I am not making an “A”).
Contradictory Statements
Are those statements that are always false (e.g. I
am making an “A” and I am not making an “A.
Which type of statement is best suited for use in
our research hypothesis?
General Implication Form
You must be able to state (or restate ) the research
hypothesis in general implication (“if…then”) form
The “if” portion of such statements refers to the
independent variable manipulation(s) that we are
going to make, whereas the “then” portion of the
statement refers to the dependent variable
changes we expect to observe.
Principle of Falsifiability
When an experimental hypothesis is stated in general
implication form, it is possible that a result is true
(supported by the results of the study) or false (not
supported by the results of the study
Types of Reasoning
Inductive Logic
 Involves reasoning from specific cases to general

principles. Inductive logic is the process that is


involved in the construction of theories.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making
decisions using data, whether from a
controlled experiment or an observational study .
For example, you might have come up with a
measurable hypothesis that children have a higher IQ
if they eat oily fish for a period of time.
Your alternative hypothesis, H1 would be
“Children who eat oily fish for six months will show a
higher IQ increase than children who have not.”
Therefore, your null hypothesis, H0 would be
“Children who eat oily fish for six months do not
show a higher IQ increase than children who do not.”
In other words, with the experiment design, you will
be measuring whether the IQ increase of children fed
oily fish will deviate from the mean, assumed to be
the normal condition.
“H0 = No increase. The children will show no increase
in mean intelligence.”
From IQ testing of the control group, you find that
the control group has a mean IQ of 100 before the
experiment and 100 afterwards, or no increase. This is
the mean against which the sample group will be
tested.
The children fed fish show an increase from 100 to
106. This appears to be an increase, but here is where
the statistics enters the hypothesis testing process.
You need to test whether the increase is significant or
if experimental error could account for the difference.
SIGNIFICANCE TESTS
The tests establish whether there is a relationship
between the variables, or whether pure chance could
produce the observed results.
Using an appropriate test, the researcher compares
the two means, taking into account the increase, the
number of data samples and the relative
randomization of the groups. A result showing that
the researcher can have confidence in the results
allows rejection of the null hypothesis.
ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

A patient might take an HIV test, promising a 99.9%


accuracy rate. This means that 1 in every 1000 tests could give
a ’false positive,’ informing a patient that they have the virus,
when they do not.
Conversely, the test could also show a false negative reading,
giving an HIV positive patient the
Conversely, the test could also show a false negative
reading, giving an HIV positive patient the all-clear.

TYPE I Error
A Type I error is often referred to as a ’false positive’,
and is the process of incorrectly rejecting the null
hypothesis in favor of the alternative. In the case
above, the null hypothesis refers to the natural state
of things, stating that the patient is not HIV
positive.The alternative hypothesis states that the
patient does carry the virus. A Type I error would
indicate that the patient has the virus when they do
not, a false rejection of the null.
TYPE II ERROR
A Type II error is the opposite of a Type I error and is
the false acceptance of the null hypothesis. A Type II
error, also known as a false negative, would imply that
the patient is free of HIV when they are not, a
dangerous diagnosis.

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