SHEDDING:

 Dividation of warp threads into two parts for

insertion of weft threads is called shed and
mechanism of shed formation is called
shedding. It is the first primary motion of
weaving.
Types of shed:
 Bottom close shed
 Centre close shed
 Semi open shed
 Open shed
BOTTOM CLOSE
SHED
This type of
shedding is produced
B
by giving motion
C
only to threads that
are to form the
upper A
line.under this condition,
the warp is level in the A Bottom line of warp
bottom line. Hence in B Rising and falling line
order to form a top shed C An arrow showing
it is necessary to move the space
some threads through a passed
space equal to twice the through
depth of a shed.
ADVANTAGE:
 Used in hand loom
 Alternate tightening and slacking the warp threads
produce a covered cloth

DISADVANTAGE:
 More stress or tension on top warp line
 Different tension on the warp threads
 Low speed
 Not possible to produce compact fabric
 Poor quality fabric
 More chance of breakage on top warp line
 More power consumption
CENTRE CLOSE
SHED
 This type of shed is produced by imparting an upward
movement to those threads which are to form the top line
and a downward movement to the threads which are to form
the bottom line. Then after inserting pick both trhe lines
meet at the centre between the highest and lowest lines of a
divided warp
B

D
 A Closed warp line
 B, C Upper and lower lines of
a divided warp A A
E
 D Arrow showing the half distance
of a shed in an upward direction C
E Arrow showing the half distance
of a shed in a downward n
directio
ADVANTAGE:
 Equal tension on top and bottom warp line
 Less time required, so high production
 Less wear of the machine
 Less power consumption
 Less tear of the threads

DISADVANTAGE:
 Beat up takes place in the closed shed
 Compact fabric can not be produced
 Chance of weft being moved backward
SEMI OPEN
SHED
 In this shed, the stationary bottom is retained but threads
for the top line either passes to bottom at one movement
and again carried to the top mid way and again carried to
top. In this shed close and open shed occurred
simultaneously. In it the stationary bottom line is retained,
but threads for the top line either pass to the bottom at
one movement, or are arrested midway and again carried
to the top. Such a shed can be formed as expeditiously as
an open shed, for the upward movement begins and
ends with the downward through movement, and the
arrested downward movement is converted into an
upward movement immediately the falling threads are in
the same plane as the rising ones. They all reach the top
together but the strain upon them is not equally distribut
SEMI-OPEN
SHED:
A STATIONARY BOTTOM
LINE B TOP POINT
C THE POINT WHERE
DOWNWARD MOVEMENT
CEASES IN THREADS
D, E SHOWING THE
F
MOVEMENT OF THROUGH
HEALDS B

F ARROW SHOWING THE C E D

THREADS WHICH ARE TO LIFT

A
FOR THE NEXT PICK
SEMI-OPEN
SHED:
ADVANTAGE:
 Equal tension on the top and bottom warp line
 Beat up takes place in the close shed
 Speed faster
 For fency fabric
 Less power need
 Less tear of threads
 Possible to produce compact fabric

Disadvantage:
unusual movement
OPEN
SHED:
 In open shed, the warp threads form two stationary lines,
the top line and the bottom line and changes are made by
carrying the threads from one fixed line to the other without
any interval.
 A, B Stationary warp line
C, D Arrows which show the movement of rising and
falling warp to equal the distance between A & B
B

C D

A
OPEN SHED
ADVANTAGE:
 Beat up takes place in cross shed condition
 Equal tension top and bottom warp threads
 Faster speed
 Extensively used in tappet shedding mechanism
 Basic fabric (twill, sateen, plain) can be produced
 Less power consumption
 Less wear of loom
DISADVANTAGE:
 High breakage rate
 If higher no of heald shafts are used then warp in back
healds are more stained than the front ones
BASIC SHEDDING
MECHANISMS:
1. Paddle/ treadle shedding mechanism
2. Tappet shedding mechanism
3. Dobby shedding mechanism
4. Jacquard shedding mechanism
5. Combined shedding
Tappet + Dobby
Tappet + Jacquard
Dobby + Jacquard
Treadle + Dobby
Treadle + Jacquard  extensively used
TAPPET
SHEDDING
 A type of cam which transforms a rotary motion into a
reciprocating motion in rods and levers by sliding
contact is tappet.

Scope of tappet shedding:

 Maximum capacity 12 heald frame
 Normally produce square design
 Only the basic weave and small design are produced
Cost of loom: Tappet > Dobby > Jacquard
Design capacity: # Simplest(Tappet) # Medium(Dobby) #
Elaborate(Jacquard)
Speed: Tappet > Dobby > Jacquard
Cost of production: # Lowest(Tappet) # Lower(Dobby) #
Low(Jacquard)
Scope of Tappet: 12 heald shaft
Nose

Belley
 CONSTRUCTION OF TAPPET
 SHEDDING:
The figure shows a negative tappet shedding
mechanism. A pair of tappets A and B are
fixed to the bottom shaft C at 180 degrees to
each other. Two treadle levers D and E are
connected to the loom back-rail by a bracket
F.
The bracket acts as a fulcrum for the levers. The
two treadles have teeth to carry the lamb
rods G and H respectively. Two heald shafts J
and K are connected to the lamb rods. A top
reversing roller shaft Q carries two rollers of
different diameters. The roller of small
diameter N is connected to a leather strap L
to which the front heald shaft J is connected.
The roller P of large diameter is connected to
a leather strap M to which the back heald
shaft K is connected. The tappets A and B
touch the anti- friction bowls or followers R
and S respectively, which are fixed to the
treadle levers. The heald shafts have heald
eyes T and U through which the war p
threads pass X is the war p sheet and Y is
the cloth. The odd ends are passed through
one heald shaft while the even ends are
passed through the other heald shaft.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
TAPPET:
 When the bottom shaft is rotate as shown in the figure, the
tappets also rotate. The tappet will depress the anti-friction bowl
and the treadle. Being fulcrumed at one end, the front portion of
the treadle moves down. This action is transferred to the lamb
rod, the heald shaft and the leather strap. So one heald shaft is
lowered and the threads connected to this heald shaft are
lowered and form the bottom layer of the shed.
 The leather straps attached to the reversing rollers are
connected in opposite directions, i.e. when leather strap is pulled
down, it is unwound from its roller. The shaft therefore rotates in
the clockwise direction and the other leather strap is wound on to
its roller. The heald shaft is raised and therefore the lamb rod and
treadle lever are also raised. The threads connected to the heald
shaft are also raised and form the top layer of the shed.
 For the next shed, the other tappet works with the other set of
bowl, treadle, lamb rod, heald shaft, strap and roller and the other
heald shaft is lowered.
ADVANTAGES OF TAPPET
SHEDDING:
 Simplest
 Cheapest
 If properly used, it gives the best results within its capasity
 Action is certain
 It is capable of lifting heavy weights with less wear and tear
than other shedding mechanisms
 Less wear and tear
 Consumes less power and give greater output
DEFECTS OF TAPPET
SHEDDING:
 Over shedding strains and breaks the warp
threads
 Sometimes unequal shedding by lifting one
end of the shaft more than the other
 Missed shedding
 May impart jerky motion
 Capacity is only 12 heald shaft
Types of shedding tappet:
Various kinds of shedding tappets are in use in the industry. They are
constructed on two principles-
Negative shedding tappet.
Positive shedding tappet.
Negative shedding tappet:
in a tappet shedding mechanism if the tappet controls only one movement
either an upward or downward movement of heald shaft, then the
shedding is known as negative tappet shedding.
Lifting  Mechanically
Lowering  Spring
The negative shedding tappets are the following-
The ordinary plain and twill weave shedding tappets.
Jamiesons tappets, and
The barrel tappet
Positive shedding tappet:
in a tappet shedding mechanism if the tappet controls both the upward
and downward movement of heald shaft,then the shedding is known as
positive tappet shedding.

Lifting and Lowering  Mechanically

The positive shedding tappets are the following
Woodcrafts section tappet
The oscillating tappet
Nutralls chain tappet, and
Scroll tappets
Auto reversing system:
The leather straps attached to the reversing
rollers are connected in opposite directions,
i.e. when leather strap is pulled down, it is
unwound from its roller. The shaft therefore Heald frame
rotates in the clockwise direction and the other
leather strap is wound on to its roller. The
heald shaft is raised and therefore the lamb rod
and treadle lever are also raised. The threads
connected to the heald shaft are also raised
and form the top layer of the shed.
 For the next shed, the other tappet works with
the other set of bowl, treadle, lamb rod, heald
shaft, strap and roller and the other heald shaft
is lowered.
 Difference between Tappet & Ordinary cam:

Tappet Ordinary cam

1. It gives motion to a shaft to receive a 1. It gives a continuous reciprocating

series of lifts with intervals of rests. motion

2. It is mainly used to produced shed 2. It may be used for many purposes

3. All tappets are cam 3. All cams are not tappet

Position of fixation of tappets:
1. Over or Under one end of the heald shaft
2. Over or Under the middle of heald shaft
3.Outside of the loom frame
 
1. Over or under one end of the heald shaft:
When tappets are placed over or under one end of the heald shaft then pressure is
applied at only one side of heald shaft. Hence connecting cards should be used on
two sides
Advantages:
I) easy access for fixing or mounting of the tappets and other relative parts and
connections.
 
Disadvantages:
Unbalanced loading or unequal shedding.
If the tappets are mounted over the heald frames, then there will be possibilities of
oil dropping on the warp yarn.
It is possible but not in practice.
 
2. Over or under the middle of heald shaft
When the tappet is placed over the centre of heald shafts then
the oil, grease etc applied to treadle bowl for antifriction
property may fall on the fabric and contaminate it when placed
under the heald shafts, some difficulties may arise while
cleaning.
 Advantages:
Equal loading or shedding
Extensively used for conventional loom
 
Disadvantages:
Difficult access for tappet mounting, fixing or other settings.
Oil dropping if tappet is over the heald frame.
3. Outside of the loom frame:

In this system, its easy to clear the tappets and to apply grease, oil to
treadle bowl and easy maintenance can be done. But it requires more
space.
 
Advantages:
Though the tappets are mounted at one end of heald frame it works
perfectly due to excellent mechanical setting.
Positive tappets shedding mechanism is used for this kind of system
Easy access for maintenance and setting
 
Disadvantages:
Initial investment cost is higher
Dwell period:
Dwell is the stationary period when the heald frames do not change their position
and the shade remains open to allow the passage of the shuttle from one shuttle
box to the other
Factors affecting dwell of tappet/Points to be considered with dwell period:
If the loom width is lower, then dwell period will lower.
Weave structure: complex structure  DP↑
Simple structure  DP↓
Reed space lower and dwell period lower
No. of warp yarn per inch ↑ – Shorter dwell period
Higher picking force – Shorter dwell period
Type of yarn: for, Finer yarn, shorter dwell period
And for, coarser yarn, higher dwell period
 
Tappet driving:
The plain weave tappets are usually place on the bottom shaft as the
former give two picks to the round. But in case of weaving a twill or satin,
the additional tappets are always placed on a short shaft known as counter
shaft. The bottom shaft imparts motion to the counter shaft either directly or
through a carrier wheel.
The size or no. of teeth in the counter shaft wheel can be calculated by
using the following rule:
Teeth
  required in the counter shaft driven wheel=

 
Say, the driver bottom shaft pinion has 24 teeth;
Teeth in the counter shaft wheel required for the five shaft weave==60 Teeth
A  Counter shaft
B  Crank shaft wheel = 40T
C  Bottom shaft wheel = 80T
D  Driver bottom shaft pinion = 24T
E  Intermediate wheel
F  Counter shaft wheel = 60T
Z  Crank shaft
 
The rev. of counter shaft A will be to those of the crank shaft ‘Z’ as = = 1:5

The size or number of teeth in the driver bottom shaft pinion D can be calculated by-
Teeth required in the driver bottom shaft pinion=
Or, = 24 teeth in the driver bottom shaft pinion

5. The mounting angle of tappet on shaft can be found out by the following rule-
Angel of tappet mounting=
Ratio of RPM of Crank, Bottom and Counter shaft:
Timing of tappet loom:
Loom timing is defined as relative chronological sequences of various
primary and secondary motions are expressed in terms of degree of
rotation of tappet.

At 0° and 360°:
 Heald are level
 Cranks are in top centre
 Sley in the mid position between the back and front centers
 Warp threads are parallel with the floor in over pick looms
 Cone is in contact with picking disc. i.e. shuttle is at dwell
Timing of tappet loom:
At 90°:
 Healds are crossed in over pick loom
 Cone is in contact with picking disc. i.e. shuttle is at dwell
 Crank is at the front centre
 Reed is in contact with the fell of the cloth
 Fastest movement of the sley
 Beat up occurs
At 120°:
 Shed is open
 Dwell period of tappet begins
From 120° to 240°:
 Shed remains open
 It is the dwell period of tappet. i.e. 1/3rd area of pick cycle
At 150°:
 Picking nose is in initial contact with the cone
 The shuttle begins to move in the box in over pick loom
At 180°:
Shed remains fully open
Picking nose tip is in the final contact with the cone
Shuttle leaves the box in over pick loom
Crank is at the bottom centre
Sley is in the mid point between the front and back centre
At 210°:
Shuttle enters the warp in over pick loom
Shuttle leaves the box in under pick loom
 
At 240°:
Shed begins to close
Changing period of healds begins in tappet
Shuttle enters the warp in under pick loom
 Mathematical formula

  RPM of any shaft=Motor RPM x

 Crank Shaft RPM=Motor RPM x
 Bottom Shaft RPM=Motor RPM x x
 Production of loom= x efficiency
 RPM of crank shaft= 2 x RPM of bottom shaft
 RPM of crank shaft=PPM
 Counter shaft RPM=
 PPM= counter shaft RPM x number of tappet
 Number of tappet=Number of picks to the round
 Teeth required in the counter shaft driven wheel=

 Teeth required in the driver bottom shaft pinion=

 Angel of tappet mounting=
1. Find out the PPM, RPM of bottom shaft and Crank shaft of the loom from
the following information:-
Motor rpm = 950
Motor pulley dia = 3″
M/C pulley dia = 8″

 
Solution:
RPM of Crank shaft=950 x
PPM=RPM of crank shaft=356.25
RPM of bottom shaft=
= x 356.25
= 178.125
2.Calculate the bottom shaft RPM and production per shift of a tappet loom from
the following data:
Machine RPM 960
Motor pulley dia 3.5” Machine pulley dia 7”
Crank shaft wheel teeth 36 Bottom shaft wheel teeth 72
PPI 40, loom efficiency 80%
 Solution:
Crank shaft RPM= 960 x
Bottom shaft RPM = 960 x x =240
Production of loom=x0.8
=9.6 inch/min
=9.6x60 inch/hour
=9.6x60x8 inch/shift
= yards/shift
=128 yards/shift
3. Find the production/shift of a loom in which the auxiliary shaft is running
at 50 rpm, and there are 4 picks to the round, assume PPI = 40

 
Solution:
We Know, Counter shaft RPM=
PPM= Counter shaft RPM x
PPM= 50 x 4 =200
Assume the loom efficiency=80%
Production of loom=
= x 0.8
= 4 inch/min
=4 x 60 inch/hour
= 4 x 60 x 8 inch/ shift
= yds/ shift
=53.33 yds /shift
4. Find RPM of bottom shaft, Crank shaft and PPM from data-
No. of teeth in crank shaft wheel = 48T
RPM of counter shaft = 75
Picks to the round = 4

 
Solution:
We know, PPM= RPM of counter shaft x picks to the round
=75 x 4
=300
Crank shaft RPM= PPM= 300
Bottom shaft RPM=
= x 300
=150
5. Calculate the teeth required in the driven counter wheel teeth if the
number of teeth in the driver bottom shaft pinion if 24 and picks to the
round is 3.
 Solution:
Teeth required in the counter shaft driven wheel=
=
= 36
6. Calculate the number of teeth required in the driver bottom shaft pinion if the
number of teeth in the driven counter shaft wheel is 60 and picks to the round is 4.

 Solution:
Teeth required in the driver bottom shaft pinion=
=
= 30