HASEEB JAVED

Ciit BCS 128 (6B)

PAKISTAN STUDIES
TOPIC: MUGHAL EMPIRES AND DOWNFALL OF
MUSLIM SOCITEY
INTRODUCTION TO MUGHAL EMPIRES

 Mughals ruled the subcontinent for the centuries and left an indelible
mark on its culture and society

 Mughals empires are well known all over the world for their golden
rule over the sub continent , which lasted for over three centuries ,
not only did they gloriously rule this part of the world , they also left
an indelible mark on the indian sub continent with their art and
architecture.
 To this day, there are beautiful buildings in all parts of the sub
continent, now divided into india and Pakistan , which reminds of its
splendid past.
RENOWN

MUGHALS
 ZAHIR-UD-DIN BABUR (1526-1530)
 Babur, full name Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26
December 1530) was founder of Mughal Empire in Indian subcontinent. He was
eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza
 In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India. He had only about twelve
thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the
governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling
Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time.
 Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred
elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns , the
first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns
at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in KabulThe two
armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both
armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began.
Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as
conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him.
 Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured
NASEEER-UD-DIN HUMAYUN(1530-1556)
 Nasir uddin Muhammad Humayun ( 7 March 1508 AD – OS 17
January 1556 AD) was the second Mughal Emperor. He
ruled Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530
to 1540. He was the son of the previous emperor, Babur.
 His son was Akbar, one of the most famous emperors in Mughal
history.
 n 1532, Humayun and Sher Shah Suri clashed on the battlefield.
Humayun won the battle and capured Chunar. In 1534, Humayun
defeated Bahadur Shah and captured Gujarat. Sher Shah
meanwhile regrouped and defeated Humayun, at Chausa in 1539
and at Kanauj a year later.
 Humayun was forced to go to Persia in exile, for 15 years. In 1555,
Humayun returned to India and defeated the succesor of Sher Shah,
Islam Shah and regained India
JALAL-UD-DIN AKBER (1556-1605)
 Akbar (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, 14 October 1542 –
1605) was the 3rd Mughal Emperor. He was born in Umarkot,
(now Pakistan). He was the son of 2nd Mughal Emperor humayun.
 Akbar became the de jure king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father
died. Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's regent and chief army
commander. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Himu, the
general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few
years, he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the
kingdom. He initially offered friendship to the Rajputs. However, he had
to fight against some Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he defeated
Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar in the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar's wars
made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been before,
covering most of the Indian subcontinent except the south
 JAHANGIR (1605-1627)
 Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir (birth name
was Shahzada /Prince Salim or Selim) (20 September 1569 – 8 November 1627)
was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.
 Jahangir was the eldest son of Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to
Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she
handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-
known because of his memoirs, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri (also called the Jahangir-
nameh by some).His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram,the future emperor
Shah Jahan rebelled in the last years of his reign.The efforts of nur jahan,Jahangirs
wife , to marginalize him were unsuccessful. In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince
Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. After
his victory Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the
insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the
challenge from within his family and retain power. He died on his way back from
Kashmir. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.
SHAH JAHAN (1628-1658)
 Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram) was born on 5 January bilal rehman
1592 in Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as
'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess
from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal
chronicles was Bilqis Makani). The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the
young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince
was close in relation

 Shah Jahan leading the Mughal Army, in the upper left War elephantsbear

emblems of the legendary Zulfiqar. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking
than his father and grandfather. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies
which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. In 1633, his sixth regnal year,
Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against
construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the
demolitions of newly built Hindu temples. He celebrated Islamic festivals with
great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors.
Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign.
AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
 Aurangzeb, the third son of Shah Jahan, was born on 21 October 1618, at Dohad,
on the frontier of Gujarat and Rajputana. He was younger than Dara Shikoh and
Shuja, but in competence and character he easily excelled them.
 He was industrious, far seeing and thorough. He had distinguished himself as an
able administrator. During the long years that he spent in the Deccan and other
provinces of the Empire. He was a fearless soldier and a skilful general and in his
dealing with men he was cool and cautious. Even as a prince
 Auranzeb was known for his devotion to Muslim religion and observance of Islamic
injunctions. Auranzeb referred in some of his letters written to Shah Jahan during
the war of succession that he was acting for the sake of the true faith and the peace
of the realm. As soon as he was secure on the throne, he started the introduction of
reforms which would make his domain a proper Muslim State. After his coronation
he issued orders which were calculated to please the orthodox. In the economic
sphere he showed a determined opposition to all illegal exactions and all the taxes
which were not authorized by Islamic law. Immediately after his coronation, he
abolished inland transport duty ( rahdari ) amounting to 10% of the value of goods
and the octori ( Pandari) on all articles of food and drink brought for the sale into
the cities. These measures gave relief to the people and were popula
MUGHAL RULERS FAMILY TREE
END OF MUGHAL EMPIRE
 The period of the Great Mughals, which began in 1526 with Babur’s
accession to the throne, ended with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707.
Aurangzeb’s death marked the end of an era in Indian history. When
Aurangzeb died, the empire of the Mughals was the largest in India. Yet,
within about fifty years of his death, the Mughal Empire disintegrated.
 Aurangzeb’s death was followed by a war of succession among his three
sons. It ended in the victory of the eldest brother, Prince Muazzam. The
sixty five-year-old prince ascended the throne under the name of Bahadur
Shah
AREAS CAPTURED BY
MUGHAL RULERS
CAUSES OF
DECLINE OF
MUGHAL
EMPIRE
Wars of Succession:
The Mughals did not follow any law of succession like
the law of primogeniture. Consequently, each time a
ruler died, a war of succession between the brothers for
the throne started. This weakened the Mughal Empire,
especially after Aurangzeb. The nobles, by siding with
one contender or the other, increased their own power.
Aurangzeb’s Policies:
Aurangzeb failed to realise that the vast Mughal Empire
depended on the willing support of the people. He lost
the support of the Rajputs who had contributed greatly
to the strength of the Empire. They had acted as pillars
of support, but Aurangzeb’s policy turned them to bitter
foes. The wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats
and the Rajputs had drained the resources of the Mughal
Empire.
Weak Successors of Aurangzeb:
The successors of Aurangzeb were weak and became
victims of the intrigues and conspiracies of the faction-
ridden nobles. They were inefficient generals and
incapable of suppressing revolts. The absence of a
strong ruler, an efficient bureaucracy and a capable
army had made the Mughal Empire weak.
Empty Treasury and invasions
Shah Jahan’s zeal for construction had depleted the
treasury. Aurangzeb’s long wars in the south had further
drained the exchequer.
Foreign invasions sapped the remaining strength of the
Mughals and hastened the process of disintegration. The
invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali
resulted in further drainage of wealth. These invasions
shook the very stability of the empire
Size of the Empire and Challenge from
Regional Powers
The Mughal Empire had become too large to be
controlled by any ruler from one centre i.e. Delhi. The
Great Mughals were efficient and exercised control over
ministers and army, but the later Mughals were poor
administrators. As a result, the distant provinces became
independent. The rise of independent states led to the
disintegration of the Mughal Empire
The Later Mughal Rulers (1707 A.D.-
1857 A.D.)
ARRIVAL OF BRITISH
 British initially came to india for Trading, They got Permission from the Mughals to
trade in 1612, the Trade proved very profitable. To ensure continuation and promotion
of the trade British found it necessary to Capture Indian Territories. The First indian
resistance and the first battle against an indian ruler occurred in 1757 which is known
as Battle of Plassey. In this battle nawab saraj ud daula of bengal was defeated by the
brutish. As a result came under British control and the British now collected the
revenue and trade goods in the price at they which wanted it. They throughly
exploited the wealth of bengal and completely plundered it.

The next indian resistance and battle was the battle of Buxsar in 1764 in which mir
Qasim, nawab of Oudh and Mughal king shah alam II. As a result bengal, Bihar and
Orissa came under British control. 

The British wanted full control of the south india to protect their spice trade. The
strong and well organized state of Mysore was a hindrance. Earlier the ruler of
Mysore Haider ali had given British a tough time in the state and defeated them in
serval battles but he too couldn't push them out of india. After his death his son Tipu
sultan was killed and south india camr under British in 1799.