Generator Management Relay

Protection, metering, and monitoring functions for generators.

Presented by:

John Levine, P.E.

Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc.
[email protected]
770 565-1556
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Outline
Overview
Theory
Wiring
Security

2
What a Generator looks like

Generator Protection

3
Generator Protection

4
Overview

5
Why Upgrade? Generator and Transformer

• Existing generator and transformer protection (more than 5 years or non-

digital) may:
– Cause protection security issues
• Tripping on through-faults, external faults, swings, load encroachment and energizing
– May lack comprehensive monitoring and communications capabilities
• Not provide valuable forensic info that can lead to rapid restoration
– Not be up to ANSI/IEEE Standards!
– Insurance, Asset Reliability and Personal Liability Issues
• C37-102: Guide for the Protection of Synchronous Generators
• C37.91: Guide for Transformer Protection

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Generator Management Relay
Product Overview
• Ideal Protection for Induction and
Synchronous Generators at 25, 50 and 60Hz
• Complete Generator Protection including:
• Generator Stator Differential
• 2 or 3 Zone Distance Backup
• 100% Stator Ground
• High speed sampling, 12 samples per cycle
• Drawout Case Installation
• Powerful Fault Recording: Waveform,
Sequence of Events
• Ethernet and Serial Communications
• Metering of all important parameters

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Theory

8
Show Generator Theory General Overview and
Typical System from Training CD

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 Generator Protection

System
Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter
The
"Wild"
G Power
System

Stator
Phase
System
Phase

• Internal and External Short Circuits

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Generator Protection Review

– Abnormal Operating Conditions

• Loss of Synchronism
• Abnormal Frequency
• Overexcitation
• Field Loss
• Inadvertent Energizing
• Breaker Failure
• Loss of Prime Mover Power
• Blown VT Fuses
• Open Circuits

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 Generator Protection

Overexcitation
Over Open
Power Loss of Field
Loss of Field Circuits
Overexcitation
Overexcitation

Exciter
The
"Wild"
G Power
System
Abnormal
Inadvertent Frequency
Abnormal Energizing,
Frequency Pole Flashover
Loss of
Reverse Breaker Synchronism
Power Failure

• Abnormal Operating Conditions

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 IEEE PSRC Survey
– Conducted in early ’90s, showed many areas of protection lacking

– Unwillingness to upgrade:
• Lack of expertise
– To recognize deficiency
– To perform the work
• “Generators don’t trip” (wrong)
• Operating procedures will save the day

PSRC = Power System Relay Committee

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 ANSI/IEEE Standards
• Latest developments reflected in:
– Std. 242: Buff Book
– C37.102: IEEE Guide for Generator Protection
– C37.101: IEEE Guide for AC Generator Ground Protection
– C37.106: IEEE Guide for Abnormal Frequency Protection
for Power Generating Plants

These are created/maintained by the IEEE PSRC & IAS

They are updated every 5 years
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 Small Machine Protection
IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

• Small – up to 1 MW to 600V, 500 kVA if >600V

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Small Machine Protection
IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
87 Differential

• Medium – up to 12.5 MW
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Small Machine Protection
IEEE Buff Book

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

• Large – up to 50 MW 17
 Large Machine Protection
IEEE C37.102

• Unit Connected,
• High Z
Grounded

32 Reverse Power
40 Loss of Excitation
46 Negative Sequence
49 Thermal Overload
51V voltage restraint
51G Ground overcurrent
64 Ground Relay
87 Differential

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HYBRID SYSTEM

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Protection Functions
Protection Functions Include:
• Generator Stator Differential
• Backup Distance Protection
• 100% Stator Ground
• Generator Unbalance
• Loss of Excitation
• Accidental Energization
• Breaker Fail
• Phase Overcurrent – Voltage Restraint
• Neutral Inst. / Timed Overcurrent
• Neg. Sequence Overcurrent
• Under / Over Voltage
• Under / Over Frequency
• Generator Thermal Model
• RTD Temperature
• Overexcitation – Volts/Hertz

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Generator Protection

21
Generator Protection with GSU Wrap
PTs on Low Side

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Generator Protection with GSU Wrap
PTs on High Side

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Generator Protection
PTs on Low Side

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 Desirable Attributes - Generator

– Reverse Power (32)

• Should be sensitive to 0.05 pu to properly detect motoring in large steam turbines
– Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
– May cause shutdown difficulties
– Negative Sequence (46)
• Should be sensitive to low values to detect open poles/conductors on system after GSU
– Existing E/M and Static relays not sensitive enough
• Long time low level events may cause excessive rotor heating, thermal tripping and
damage rotor
– 100% Stator Ground (59N / 59D)
• Protects all of the stator winding
– Existing schemes typically only see 90%
– Stop low level fault near neutral from degrading into a high level fault and causing large
amounts of damage
– Very secure

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 Desirable Attributes - Generator

• Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)

– High speed tripping of unit after breaker accidentally closed on dead

machine, also pole flashover prior to syncing
• Most existing schemes do not incorporate
– Many schemes fail due to complexity (reliance on breaker auxiliary
switches, yard distance relays, etc.
– If breaker is not tripped rapidly, mechanical and electric damage can
occur to machine in fractions of a second!
– Pole flashovers must be cleared by high speed breaker failure, as the
breaker is open!

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Line – Ground faults – Delta Connected Generator

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Line – Ground faults – Wye Connected Generator

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Protection Functions
Generator Stator Differential
• Stator Phase Differential
• Dual Slope Percent Restraint Operating
Characteristic
• Directional Supervision under saturation
conditions

Distance Backup Protection Dual Slope Phase Differential

• 2 or 3 Zone Mho Distance Protection
• Backup for primary line protection
• Configurable Reach and Angle Distance
Characteristic

100% Stator Ground Protection

• 95% Fundamental OverVoltage
• 15% Third Harmonic UnderVoltage
Two Zone Distance Backup

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Protection Functions
Voltage Protection
• Phase Overvoltage
• Phase Undervoltage
• Neutral Overvoltage (fundamental)
• Neutral Undervoltage (3rd Harmonic)
• Voltage Phase Reversal

Current Protection Voltage Restraint Overcurrent

• Phase, Ground and Negative Sequence Overcurrent

Tripping
• IEC, ANSI , IAC and Customizable Overcurrent Curves
• Voltage Restraint increasing sensitivity under low
voltage conditions

Frequency Protection
• Overfrequency
• Underfrequency Undervoltage Trip Curves

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Protection Functions
Thermal Protection
• Generator Thermal Model
• RTD Alarming and Tripping
• RTD Biased Thermal Model

Inadvertent Energization
• Prevents Accidentally Closing a Stopped Generator onto a
Live Line
• Armed when Generator is Offline and Voltage is below a pre-set level

Thermal Model – Voltage Dependant

Overload Curves

Loss of Excitation (show Training CD)

• Uses Impedance Circle for loss of excitation detection
• 2 Zones for fault detection and control

Volt/Hertz (Overexcitation)
• Detects changes in the Volts/Hertz ratio of the
generator or associated transformer Loss of Excitation

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Wiring

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Example

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Enhanced Security
Prevents Unauthorized Access and Provide Traceability

Security Audit Trail • Date/time security

report was
generated
• Date and time of hardware, firmware
or setting changes to your relays • Description of the
GE Multilin Relay
• Logging of the MAC address of
• Summary of the
computers and users making settings last time the
changes configuration was
changed
• Track method of how settings
changes were made (i.e. keypad, • History of last 10
serial port, ethernet) occurrences the
configuration was
changed

Security strategy – conforms to industry and regulated guidelines

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