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Automation: This Photo CC By-Nc-Nd

Clinical diagnosis before automation involved observing bodily fluids like urine, blood, and humors to determine illnesses. Medieval physicians used urine color and other observations to diagnose patients. The development of automation in clinical laboratories introduced instruments and standardized procedures to improve accuracy, reduce errors and processing time, and increase laboratory efficiency. Key steps in automated analysis include specimen collection and identification, transport, processing, reagent and specimen measurement, chemical reactions, measurement of results, and electronic data handling. Early automated systems used continuous flow analysis while modern machines typically use discrete random access systems.

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31 views

Automation: This Photo CC By-Nc-Nd

Clinical diagnosis before automation involved observing bodily fluids like urine, blood, and humors to determine illnesses. Medieval physicians used urine color and other observations to diagnose patients. The development of automation in clinical laboratories introduced instruments and standardized procedures to improve accuracy, reduce errors and processing time, and increase laboratory efficiency. Key steps in automated analysis include specimen collection and identification, transport, processing, reagent and specimen measurement, chemical reactions, measurement of results, and electronic data handling. Early automated systems used continuous flow analysis while modern machines typically use discrete random access systems.

Uploaded by

titania iza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AUTOMATION

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


• HIPPOCRATES
– 460 BC – 370 BC
CLINICAL • Medieval physicians would
DIAGNOSIS take an observation of a
person’s humours into
BEFORE consideration at diagnosis
AUTOMATION and the cure would be
based upon correcting any
imbalance.
• Four "humors" or body
CLINICAL fluids in man
DIAGNOSIS 1. blood
BEFORE 2. phlegm
AUTOMATION 3.yellow bile
4. black bile
• During medieval period,
diagnosis was made after
observing the color, smell, and
taste of the patient's urine.
CLINICAL • Medieval doctors even had a
DIAGNOSIS handy chart, the urine wheel
to help them.
BEFORE • This chart contained 20
AUTOMATION possible colors of urine
ranging from "white as
wellwater," to "rudy as pure
intense gold," and "black as
very dark horn."
CLINICAL
DIAGNOSIS
BEFORE
AUTOMATION
Use of laboratory instruments and
specimen processing equipment to
perform clinical laboratory assays with
only minimal involvement of medical
technologist

WHAT IS
AUTOMATION? "The replacement of human manipulative effort
and facilities in the performance of a given
process by mechanical and instrumental devices
that are regulated by feedback of information
so that an apparatus is self monitoring or self
adjusting”.- International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
BENEFITS OF
AUTOMATION

1. Reduction of medical errors


2. Reduced specimen sample
volume
3. Increased accuracy and precision
(reduced coefficient of variation)
4. Improved safety for laboratory
staff (e.g., stopper removal or
piercing)
5. Faster turnaround time of results
6. Partially alleviating the impending
shortage of skilled laboratory
staff This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
STEPS IN AUTOMATED
ANALYSIS

1. Specimen collection and


processing
2. Specimen and reagent
measurement and
delivery
3. Chemical reaction phase
4. Measurement phase
5. Signal processing and
data handling This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING
SAMPLE COLLECTION:

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


SPECIMEN
IDENTIFICATION:

Barcode label includes:


1. Patient’s First and Last Names
2. Identification number
3. Date of birth and age
4. Accession number

Additional:
5. The collection date
6. The time sample was collected
7. The initials of the person
collecting the sample
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
SPECIMEN
TRANSPORTATION

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


SPECIMEN PROCESSING:

Causes of delay and expense


in the testing process
1. The clotting time (if using
serum)
2. Centrifugation
3. Transferring of the sample
to an analyzer cup (unless
using primary tube
sampling)
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
SPECIMEN PROCESSING:

Alternatives
1. Robotics
2. Whole blood analysis – (instead of
serum) to bypass specimen
preparation
3. Use a plasma separator tube and
perform primary tube sampling
with heparin plasma- to eliminate
the need both to wait for the
sample to clot and to aliquot the
sample.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


SPECIMEN AND REAGENT
MEASUREMENT AND
DELIVERY
Proportioning

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


CHEMICAL REACTION
PHASE
CHEMICAL
REACTION PHASE

1. Mixing
- Coiled tubing in continuous flow analysis
- deceleration and acceleration of rotor in
centrifugal analysis
- spreading layer structure that permits a
rapid and uniform spreading of the
sample- dry slide technology
- stirring paddles
2. Separation
- Dialyzer in continuous flow analysis
- spreading layer in dry slide technology
3. Incubation- uses heating bath @ 37°C
4. Reaction rate
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
MEASUREMENT PHASE
MEASUREMENT
PHASE
• Traditionally, automated
chemistry analyzers have relied
on photometers and
spectrophotometry for
measurement of absorbance.
• Alternative measurement
methods include nephelometry,
chemiluminescence, enzyme
immunoassay and ion-selective
electrodes

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


SIGNAL PROCESSING
AND DATA HANDLING
SIGNAL PROCESSING
AND DATA HANDLING

• The simplest method of


reading results is visual
instrument readout using
light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
or a monitor.
• Results can be converted to
hard copy, or the readout
can be transmitted
electronically with verified
results.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HISTORY

1. 1957 Technicon- FIRST


automated analyzer
This first “AutoAnalyzer” (AA)
was a continuous-flow, single
channel, sequential batch
analyzer capable of providing
a single test result on
approximately 40 samples
per hour.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


CONTINUOUS FLOW
ANALYSIS
CONTINUOUS
FLOW ANALYSIS
• Common reaction vessel
• - Liquids (reagents, diluents, and
samples) are pumped through a
system of continuous tubing.
• - Air bubbles: separates and cleans
• - Glass coil: mix
• - Disadvatage: Carry over and
wasteful use of continuously
flowing reagents

• - Examples:
• - Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
CENTRIFUGAL
ANALYZER
CENTRIFUGAL
ANALYZER

- uses the force generated by


centrifugation to transfer and
then contain liquids in separate
cuvets for measurement at the
perimeter of a spinning rotor.
- Advantage: Batch analysis
- Examples:
- Cobas-Bio (Roche)
- CentrifiChem
- RotoChem

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


DISCRETE ANALYSIS
DISCRETE
ANALYSIS

Most popular and versatile


- Separation of each sample and
accompanying reagents in a
separate container
- Req. vol: 2-6 μL
- Uses positive-displacement
pipets
- Run running multiple tests one
sample at a time or multiple
samples one test at a time
- Random access capability (STAT)
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
References:
Bishop 6th Ed. Clinical
Chemistry Techniques,
Principles, Correlations
Turgeon, Linné & Ringsrud’s
Clinical Laboratory Science:
The Basics And Routine
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

Technique
Chatterjee, Automation in
Clinical Chemistry

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

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