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Introduction of Stem Cell Technology

Stem cells can be extracted from embryos and adult tissues, have the potential to differentiate into many cell types, and are being researched for their potential to treat diseases. However, challenges remain in controlling stem cell development, preventing immune rejection after transplantation, and ensuring stem cell lines are safe and functional equivalents of in vivo cells. While stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine, more research is still needed to address these challenges before clinical applications can be realized.

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36 views

Introduction of Stem Cell Technology

Stem cells can be extracted from embryos and adult tissues, have the potential to differentiate into many cell types, and are being researched for their potential to treat diseases. However, challenges remain in controlling stem cell development, preventing immune rejection after transplantation, and ensuring stem cell lines are safe and functional equivalents of in vivo cells. While stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine, more research is still needed to address these challenges before clinical applications can be realized.

Uploaded by

Savita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION OF STEM

CELL TECHNOLOGY
Stem Cell History
1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human
embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-
making cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for
embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates $20 million fund-raising effort
to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos
using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell – Definition
• A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s) of
cells/tissues
Stem Cell Characteristics

 ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)


 Capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of time
(proliferation and renewal)
 Have the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)
Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type Description Examples

Each cell can develop Cells from early (1-


Totipotent
into a new individual 3 days) embryos

Some cells of
Cells can form any (over
Pluripotent blastocyst (5 to 14
200) cell types
days)
Cells differentiated, but Fetal tissue, cord
Multipotent can form a number of blood, and adult
other tissues stem cells
Stem Cell Differentiation

Princeton University
Kinds of Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six-day-old embryo. They


have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human
body.

Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or
foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or


differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current
research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.
Blastocyst Diagram

Princeton University
Sexual Reproduction

The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals


Stages of Embryogenesis

Day 2
2-cell embryo Day 3-4
Day 1
Multi-cell embryo
Fertilized egg

Day 5-6
Day 11-14 Blastocyst
Tissue Differentiation
Derivation and Use of
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Isolate inner cell mass
Outer cells (destroys embryo)
(forms placenta)
Inner cells
(forms fetus) Culture cells

Day 5-6
Blastocyst “Special sauce”
(largely unknown)

Heart
repaired
Kidney Heart muscle
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Applications
 Disease
• Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury,
Parkinson’s
disease, heart
disease
 Genetic based
Disease
• Cystic fibrosis,
Huntington’s
Unknowns in Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• It is uncertain that human
embryonic stem cells in vitro can
give rise to all the different cell
types of the adult body.
• It is unknown if stem cells cultured
in vitro (apart from the embryo)
will function as the cells do when
they are part of the developing
embryo
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Stem cells need to be
differentiated to the
appropriate cell type(s)
before they can be used
clinically.
• Recently, abnormalities in
chromosome number and
structure were found in
three human ESC lines.
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research

• Stem cell development or proliferation


must be controlled once placed into
patients.
• Possibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.
Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.
• The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).
Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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