MECH 211 – Mechanical

Engineering Drawing

Lecture 3
François Tardy
 Contents of the lecture
• Shape description and 3D modeling
• Shape generation
o Conceptual
o Physical
• Sectional views
• Auxiliary views – much more to discuss in
the following 5 lectures
 Shape description
• Geometric shapes are o Prisms
seen according to view o Pyramids/truncated
they are regarded
pyramids
• Set of primitives – used o Cylinders
to conceptualize the
complex shapes by o Cones
adding/subtracting the o Spheres
primitive shapes

• Primitive shapes:
o Boxes
Primitives
Primitives – Shape Generation
 Boolean Operations
Given two shapes, they could be intersected or reunited
to obtain a new shape.
 Boolean Union
The common part is removed once.
 Boolean Difference
The initial shape minus the common portion will be
yielded.
notice the difference between A-B and B-A
 Boolean Intersection
The intersection means the common portion of the two
intersecting bodies.
Another Example
Conceptual Generation of a
Complex Shape
Conceptual Generation of a
Complex Shape
Conceptual Generation of a
Complex Shape
 Shape Generation
• Two different aspects of shape generation:
o Conceptual shape generation – when the
geometry does not exist and when a functional
doable shape is created
o Physical shape generation – when the geometric
object is physically created/generated by
machining
• Physical generation involves material selection,
machine tool and tools selections
 Conceptual Shape Generation
• The concept is created by the human
judgment
• The concept can be translated in codes to
create models
 Physical Shape Generation
• Planes: flat surfaces

• Polyhedrons: inclined flat surfaces

• Cylindrical/conical surfaces: round surfaces,

holes

• Ruled surfaces/non-ruled surfaces: complex

kinematics cutting or forming in complex
shape dies
 Physical Shape Generation
Two basic principle methods are used to generate surfaces:

Forming: create shape form a formable material: ex

• Casting

• Deformation (forging, bending, squeezing, etc.)

• Growing (nature’s way ex: stereo-lithography)

Cutting: create shape through removal out of a larger piece of

material

• Turning, milling, drilling, grinding, lapping, etc.

Multiple types of operations are used to generate the same class of

shapes – various surface qualities are obtained for various
materials
 Shape Generation with Primitives
• Boxes flat surface
• Cylinders round surfaces
• Prisms flat surface
• Cones round surfaces
• Spherical double curved

As a general principle, the cutting tool and work piece move

one with respect to the other; the cutting tool will remove the
undesired volume of material from the work
 Machining Procedures
• Shaping and planing FORMING PROCESS

• Turning • Hot working

• Milling • Cold working

• Drilling CASTING PROCESS

• Sawing JOINING PROCESS

• Broaching NON-CONVENTIONAL
PROCESSES
• Grinding
 Shaping and Planing
Generation of Flat surfaces
Turning
Turning
Milling
Milling
Milling
Drilling
Sawing
Sawing
Broaching
Grinding
MIAE 211 Lecture 3
SECTION VIEWS
 Purpose of Sectioning
• Provides the details of the features that are invisible
in a normal view.

• A cutting plane is assumed to pass through the

conveniently selected features.

• If the plane passes through the object, the view is

called a FULL SECTION.

• Cutting plane is indicated on the adjacent view.

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 Sectional Views
Why do we use
sectional views?
 Sectional Views Types
• Full Sections
• Half Sections
• Offset Sections
• Broken Sections
• Revolved Sections (Aligned)
• Conventional Breaks
• Partial Views
 Elements in Sectional Views
Cutting Plane
An imaginary plane
passes through the part
to expose the interior
construction.
Different cutting planes
make different types of
sectional views
 A B

A B

Section AA Section BB
 A B

A B

Section AA Section BB
The Cutting Plane
Is the Section View Really
Needed?
 Elements in Sectional Views
Cutting-
Plane Line
• Location
• Line Type
• Arrowheads
• Capital
Letters
Indicate the Cutting Plane
Basic Representation Rules
Section Lines (Lining)
Section Lines
Common Mistakes
Common Mistakes
Difficult Cases
 Half Sections
If a cutting plane passes halfway through an object, the result is a
half section.
Expose the interior and retain the exterior.
It is often used for symmetrical objects, not for detail drawings.
 Half Sections

Convenient way to show the view and section in symmetric parts

 Broken-out Sections
A break line is used for the section if only a partial
section of a view is needed to expose interior shapes.
The section is limited.
Broken-out Sections
 Revolved Sections
To show the shape of cross section of bars,
arms and spokes, a plane perpendicular to
the center line of the part cuts through. Then
rotate the plane by 90 degree around a line
at right angle to the center line.
Revolved Sections
Assume a section plane
perpendicular to the front
axis of the component;
revolve the plane to see the
section as a true shape
Removed Section
Aligned Sections
Aligned Sections
 Offset Section
Necessary when
features are located in
different planes
Sections Through Assemblies
Pay Attention to Lining
Pay Attention to
Representation
Pay Attention to
Representation
Pay Attention to
Representation
Section in a Flange
MECH211 – LECTURE 3
AUXILIARY VIEWS
 Definitions
• Any view obtained by a projection on a plane other
than the horizontal (H), frontal (F) and profile (P) is an
auxiliary view.

• The primary auxiliary view is projected to a plane that

is perpendicular to one of the principal planes

• The secondary auxiliary view is projected from a

primary auxiliary to a plane that is inclined to all three
principal views
Auxiliary View
Candidates for Auxiliary Views
Principal Planes
Auxiliary Plane
Primary Auxiliary View

Plane True Dim.

F – Width, Height
H – Width, Depth
P – Depth, Height
Primary Auxiliary View
Depth Auxiliary Views
Height Auxiliary Views
Width Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary Planes

The features in
auxiliary planes are
seen deformed in the
principal views.
 Auxiliary Planes
The features in auxiliary planes are seen
deformed in the principal views
 Auxiliary Planes
The features in auxiliary planes are seen
deformed in the principal views
Representing a Full Auxiliary View
Folding-Line
Method
Representing a Full Auxiliary View
Representing a Full Auxiliary View
Representing a Full Auxiliary View
Dihedral Angles
 A Practical Problem
Find the angle
of the V-cut.
 Solution
True size of an oblique surface.
 Another Practical Problem
Find the true shape of the section (triangle).
1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
1. Select fold line
2. Draw perp. To F/L
3. Transfer the dist. From
the previous F/L
4. Check the visibility
 Auxiliary View Problem
Find the true shape of the distorted features
 Auxiliary View Problem
• One feature
is seen in P
view as a line

• One auxiliary
view needed
 Auxiliary View Problem
• Another
feature is seen
in F view as a
line

• One auxiliary
view needed
 Auxiliary Views:
To draw TL of line: Point view of line, edge view of the
plane and true size of plane.

To view TL: Draw Aux. View parallel to any view

To view point view: Draw Aux. View perp. To TL

To view Edge View: Draw Aux. View perp. To TL of any

edge/line

To view full surface: Draw Aux. View perp. Edge view