MALARIA, A DISEASE

CAUSED BY
PARASITES
By Group 5
 OUR TEAM
1. Aurelita Maharani 20200350085
2. Rahmaliana Syifa Salsabila 20200350089
3. Chaessy Yori Anggraini 20200350116
4. Najmah Aliyah Nurhidayah 20200350022
5. Qowina Liman Sari 20200350123
6. Dianing Aulia Puspitasari 20200350043
7. Cut Intan Ayu Nurjanah 20200350107
8. Ivana Kinanti Kenyori 20200350110
9. Ismi Magfira Arrahma 20200350054
10. Marsya Prastyani 20200350072
11. Anggita Putri Ayudanti 20200350034
12. Enggal Dirahmawati Maryoto 20200250081
13. Triana Arum Kusumaningtyas 20200350088
14. Isnaini Fadilatuzakiah 20200350070
 SCENARIO
AL, a student from Papua, suffered from
malaria 6 months ago because he was infected
with Plasmodium falciparum and was declared
cured. Currently, AL is in Yogyakarta. A week
ago, AL had the same symptoms as when he
was suffering from malaria 6 months ago. AL
friends are afraid that AL disease is contagious.
 Purpose of The Paper
To learn about Malaria disease
 ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED
1. Causes of Malaria
2. Classification of Plasmodium and The Types Of Malaria
3. Life Cycle of The Plasmodium
4. Symptoms of Malaria
5. Mode of Transmission of Malaria
6. Malaria Epidemiology Component
7. Body Immunity Against Malaria
8. Malaria Can Relapse
9. Malaria Drug Mechanism of Action
10. Traditional Drugs for Malaria
11. Prevention of Malaria
12. Management of Malaria in Indonesia
13. Vaccine of Malaria
01 CAUSES OF MALARIA
 Causes of Malaria
Intracellular protozoa obligate of the genus
plasmodium and Transmitted by the female
Anopheles
02
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODIUM AND
THE TYPES OF MALARIA
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODIUM AND THE TYPES OF MALARIA

Falciparum Malaria (Tropical Maria)

01
Caused by Plasmodium falciparum

02 Vivax Malaria (Tertiana malaria)

Caused by Plasmodium Vivax

03 Ovale Malaria
Caused by Plasmodium Ovale
Malariae Malaria (Quartana Malaria)
04
Caused by Plasmodium Malariae

05 Knowlesi Malaria
Caused by Plasmodium Knowlesi
03 LIFE CYCLE OF THE PLASMODIUM
04 SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
MILD MALARIA SYMPTOMS (MILD MALARIA SYMPTOMS
WITHOUT COMPLICATIONS)

A
Incubation Period
The incubation period usually lasts 8-37 day

B
Prodromal Complaints
Can occur before the onset of fever

C Common Symptoms
a) Stadium Frigoris (Cold Stage)
b) Stadium Akme (Hot Stage)
c) Stadium Sudoris (Sweating Stage)
SYMPTOMS OF SEVERE MALARIA (MALARIA WITH
COMPLICATIONS)

A
In Adult
Complications that often occur are Acute renal
failure, Pulmonary edema, Cerebral malaria,
Jaundice

B In Child
Complications that often occur are
Hypoglycemia, Anemia
05 MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA
 APART FROM NATURAL
NATURAL TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION
Interaction between the agent A pregnant woman to her fetus,
(Plasmodium), definitive host blood transfusions, the use of
(Anopheles sp.) and intermediate syringes simultaneously, organ
host (human) transplants.
06 MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY COMPONENT
MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY

A. Agent
B. Host
C. Environment
07 BODY IMMUNITY AGAINST MALARIA
 BODY IMMUNITY

The Occurrence of Genesis Imunopatologi

Occurrence of Fever Anemia in Malaria on Malaria
As a result of erythrocyte As a result of hemolysis, a) Non-immunological
rupture, merozoites will erythrocyte sequestration immunity
be released into the in the spleen and other b) Non-specific immunity
blood circulation organs, and bone marrow c) Acquired immunity is
depression specific
08 MALARIA CAN RELAPSE
RECURRENCE (SHORT-TERM RECRUITS (LONG-TERM
RELAPSE) RELAPSES)
Because of parasites in the blood Because the parasite cycle of
(the erythrocyte cycle becomes exoerythrocytes
large)
09 MALARIA DRUG MECHANISM OF ACTION
 THE CLASSIFICATION OF MALARIA DRUGS IS BASED ON HOW
THE DRUG WORKS ON THE PLASMODIUM LIFE CYCLE
Tissue schizontoside The antimalarial drug
antimalarial drug Sporontosida
that kills Plasmodium in the This drug has no direct effect on
exoerythrocytic phase in the liver gametocytes in the human body

01 02 03 04

Anti-malarial drug Gametocyte anti malarial drugs

Schizontoside blood
which attacks that kill the
Plasmodia that live in gametocyte stage in
the blood the area
 THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS IS BASED ON THE
WORKPLACE OF ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS ON THE PLASMODIUM
SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLE

The anti-malarial drug Sulfadoxine

Antibiotics Pyrimethamine (SP) and a new combination
act in chloroplast-like plastid of Chlorine Proguanil-Dapsone (Lapdap)
organelles called apicoplasts

1 2 3 4 5

The drugs class 4- Atovaquones and certain Artemisinin

aminokuinolin and other compounds produces free radicals
quinoline methanol inhibit electron transport in the which function to
concentrate in mitochondria and through inhibition alkylate the parasite
acidic food vacoula of cytochrome C oxidoreductases membrane
10 TRADITIONAL DRUGS FOR MALARIA
 TRADITIONAL DRUGS

Camphor tree (Cinnamomum Red fruit,(Pandanus conoideus)

camphora)

Betel (Piper betle) Cinnamon

11 PREVENTION OF MALARIA
 OUR PROCESS

01 02
 Stay in a place Wear light, loose
that has air conditioning trousers instead of
and effective filters shorts, and wear shirts
with long sleeves

03 04
Use insect repellent on Chemoprophylaxis which
your skin and in aims to reduce the risk of
sleeping environments malaria infection, and if
infected, the clinical
symptoms are not severe
12
MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA IN
INDONESIA
 MALARIA IN INDONESIA

To minimize malaria transmission, efforts to control Anopheles sp as a

mosquito that transmits malaria are carried out. Some of the vector control
efforts are carried out, for example larviciding (controlling for Anopheles sp.
larvae chemically, using insecticides), biological control (using larvae eating
fish), environmental management, and others.
13 VACCINE OF MALARIA
VACCINE
The Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)
launched the first-generation malaria
vaccine named RTS, S / AS01 in 2015.
WHO together with the Ministry of
Health of Ghana, Kenya and Malawi
started implementing the vaccine in
2018.
Q&A
 CONCLUSION
Malaria is one of the most prevalent human
infections worldwide. Over 40% of the world's
population live in malaria-endemic areas.
Plasmodia species are the parasites responsible
for malaria. Only 4 of the over 100 species of
plasmodia are infectious to humans. The
majority of cases and almost all deaths are
caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and
Plasmodium malariae cause less severe disease.
 CONCLUSION FROM SCENARIO
The AL experienced malaria for the first time
in Papua because of Plasmodium falciparum
which is transmitted by the anopheles
mosquito. What experienced by the Navy in
Yogyakarta was a long-term relapse, and Al's
friend's concern was not true, malaria was not
transmitted from person to person but
transmitted through female Anopheles
mosquitoes.
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THANKS