Migration and its impact

Session 1
• Welcome speech
• Introducing the theme
• Session one
• What Is Migration
• Definition
• Concepts Relating To Migration
• Types Of Migration
 PRAYER SERVICE

•Prayer song
•Scripture reading
•Lighting of “kuttuvillaku”
 NAME:- VAISHNAVI G
REG.NO:- AP180643

UG – B.SC (SACRED HEART COLLEGE)

PG – M.S.W (SACRED HEART COLLEGE)

TOPIC – CONCEPTS RELATED TO MIGRATION AND IT’S

TYPES
 Migration Definition
• Migration is defined as the geographic movement of people across a specified
boundary for the purpose of establishing a new permanent or semi-permanent
residence or it is the movement of people from one place to live in another place.
• People may decide to migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. 
people would naturally move from areas to areas that are presumed to have
opportunities.
 Concepts Relating to Migration:
(i) Migration Stream:
Migration stream means the total number of people migrating from one
region to another or from one country to another for residing during a
time period. It is, in fact, related to the movement of people from a
common area of origin to a common area of a destination. For
example, migration of Indians to America during a time interval.
(ii) Migration Interval:
Migration may occur continuously over a period of time. But to
measure it correctly, the data should be divided into intervals of one to
five or more years. The division relating to a particular period is known
as migration interval.
(iii) Place of Origin and Place of Destination:
The place which people leave is the place of origin and the
person is called an out-migrant. On the other hand, the
place of destination is the place where the person moves
and the person is called an in-migrant.
(iv) Migrant:
Migrant is the labour which moves to some region or
country for short periods of time, say several months or a
few years. It is regarded as a secondary labour force.
 Types of Migration
There are two major types of migration which
are:
Internal migration- International migration-
within national outside the national
boundaries boundaries
such as with a country, one country to another.
state or city

Emigration Immigration-
people move inwardly
movement of people from their places of
out of a country destinations into other
migrant who departs countries
person who enters
Types of Migration :-
• The following are the different types of migration :-
1. Local Migration :-
It involves movement of people from one locality to another.
• 2. Regional Migration :-
It involves movement of people from one region to another.
• 3. Rural to Urban Migration :-
It involves movement of people from rural areas to cities areas due to
industrialization.
• 4.Urban to Rural Migration :-
It involves movement of people from urban areas to rural areas due to
higher cost of urban living.
• 5. Mars Migration :-
It refers to the movement of large group of people from one geographical
areas to another.
 Game 1
•There will be lots thrown in front of the stage
•Each one will pick up one lot
•And do as it is mentioned in the lot
•And by doing that find out your partners
•Go and settle down in new place
 Video on the struggles of
Syrian migrants

•To ponder- what is the reason?

•What will be there state of mind?
•Are they happy to move?
•What will be the future of the children?
NAME:-
SAPTHAGIRIVASAN R
REG.NO:- AP180634

UG – BBA - (SACRED HEART COLLEGE)

PG – M.S.W (SACRED HEART COLLEGE)

TOPIC – FORMS OF MIGRATION

 CONTENT

• Forms of migration
• Push and pull
factors
• Causes of migration
Forms of
Migration
Rural-Urban Migration - from the various villages to towns and cities

Urban-Rural Migration - from towns, cities to villages.

Rural-Rural Migration - from one village to another village

Urban-Urban Migration - from one city to another city.

International Migration - from one country to another.

 Reasons for Migration

Push factors are the reasons why people leave an

area. They include:
• Lack of safety
• High crime
• Lack of services
• Crop failure
• Drought
• Flooding
• Poverty
• War
 Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular area.
They include:

• Higher employment
• More wealth
• Better services
• Good climate
• Safer, less crime
• Political stability
• More fertile land
• Lower risk from natural hazards
Causes of Migration
• Economic factors :-
• Unemployment and poverty forced people
to migrate from one place to another.
Rural people migrate to cities in search of
employment opportunities for better
salaries, incentives, higher standard of
living.
• Social factors :-
• Migration may also takes place due to
social factors such as family, marriage,
children, etc. After marriage a girl has to
migrate from her place of resident to her
husbands place & if a child decide to study
elsewhere, the parents also migrate to the
place where the child decide to study.
• Environmental factors :-
• Natural disaster such as flood, famine,
earth quack,etc compel people to migrate
to safer places.
• Medical factors :-
• Some people experience poor health
conditions due to unsuitable climate and
high population level. due to this, they
migrate from one place to another for
better medical & health care facilities.
• Political factors :-
• Political migration takes place due to
political instability, communalism,
linguism, regionalism, riots, terrorism,etc.
which creates conflicts & violence in
cities & states. Thus, political factors
leads to migration of people to the place
where there is proper law & order.
 Causes of Migration
• People migrate from point of origin to point of destination to especially
from rural to urban to improve their standard of living.
• People may migrate internally from their home to another place because
of natural disaster or civil disturbance, this type of migrant is described
to as a refugee, however, refugees do not carry many possessions with
them and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally settle.
• Environmental factors result in large population movements- In
situations of famine or some other major environmental disasters, rural
populations may be forced to move to urban areas in search of food and
employment or other means of livelihood.
• To escape from religious, political or social situation in a country, in
the this case, the migrant seeking refuge from political, religious or
other forms of persecution is usually described as an asylum seeker.
• People also migrate to the city for educational reason and to also
acquire new skills.
• Favorable climates are another factor that triggers people to migrate.
• For the sake of differences in social amenities.
• For the sake of change and adventure.
• Internal – moving to a new home • External – moving to a new
within the same state, country or home in a different state country
continent or c
• Emigration – a person who is • Immigration -
leaving one country to reside in
another • Immplled migration – not forced
• Population transfer – government but unfavourable situation
forces a large group of people out • Chain migration – a series of
of region migration within a family of
• Step migration – series of shorter defined group of people
less extreme migration
 Game 2
Bomb in the city
 Quiz
•There will be 5 rounds
•Questions will not be passed on
•Each question will carry 50 points
•Winners will be awarded
 NAME:- MERCY LA

REG.NO:- AP180625

UG – B.S.W- (DONBOSCO COLLEGE, MARAM)

PG – M.S.W -(SACRED HEART COLLEGE)

TOPIC – EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

• 1. Brain Drain :-
Effects
There has been migration of Indian professionals, academicians,
scientists, engineers, etc to foreign countries. Due to which their
talent, knowledge & skills are denied to our country’s growth &
development.
Therefore, our country should undertake effective planning to solve
the problem of brain drain.
• 2. Increase of foreign exchange reserves :-
When people migrate to foreign countries, earned foreign currency &
sent it to their family in home country. There is an increase in foreign
exchange reserve of the home country.
• 3. Fusion of cultures :-
International migration leads to fusion of culture due to exchange of
cultural traits such as food habits, dressing style, language, etc which
result in change of lifestyle & personality of the migrant.
• 4. Hostilities towards migrants :-
The migrants have to face hostilities from local people, who may not
treat them well and they may even harm their life & property leading
to torture & harassment.
• 5. Social & psychological problems :-
Migration leads to social problems such as overcrowding of people,
growth of slumps, increases crimes & evils, spread of diseases,etc.
When people migrate to different places leaving behind their family,
relatives & friends, they feel lonely, isolated and insecure which leads
to many psychological problems.
• Brain drain occurs when significant numbers of highly skilled nationals leave their
countries of origin to seek employment or establish businesses abroad. Migration
has a huge negative effect on the economies of developing countries, because the
skills of remaining nationals are not sufficient to grow industries, academia and
other sectors of the economy.
• Brain waste occurs when skilled migrants engage in menial occupations abroad,
resulting in deskilling.
• The absence of young men in the areas of origin impoverish agriculture and
reduces crops yield.
• Migration also has consequences for the individual, the area of origin and the area
of destination- on the family, household, society, the economy and development
as a whole.
• The effect of international migration is not limited to remittances and cash inflows
alone. It includes a wide range of development issues governance and legal protection,
employment and social, protection, health services and education, tertiary education,
knowledge and skills development, economic growth, financial services and growth,
agriculture and rural infrastructural development, and environment issues.
• Sudden mass relocation or displacement has an adverse environmental effects on the
migrant host area. This usually occurs directly when immigrants deforest expanse of
land to set up human settlements or indirectly when the influx of immigrants to a
community contributes to expansion and consequently gentrification and deforestation.
• The environmental impact of protracted overexploitation of natural resources,
prolonged indiscriminate disposal of wastes, and other unwholesome environmental
practices pose a significant hazard to the immigrants themselves and also to residents in
proximity to such a settlement.
 Migration affects rural areas (the place of
origin) in the following ways:
• 1. Economic Effects:
• When population migrates from rural areas, it reduces the pressure of
population on land, the per worker output and productivity on land
increases and so does per capita income. Thus family income rises which
encourages farmers to adopt better means of production thereby
increasing farm produce.
• Those who migrate to urban areas are mostly in the age group of 18-40
years. They live alone, work and earn and remit their savings to their
homes at villages. Such remittances further increase rural incomes which
are utilised to make improvements on farms which further raise their
incomes. This particularly happens in the case of emigrants to foreign
countries who remit large sums at home.
• Moreover, when these migrants return to their villages occasionally,
they try to raise the consumption and living standards by bringing new
ideas and goods to their homes. Modern household gadgets and other
products like TV, fridge, motor cycles, etc. have entered in the majority
of rural areas of India where larger remittances flow from urban areas.
• Further, with the migration of working age persons to urban areas the
number of farm workers is reduced. This leads to employment of
underemployed family members on the farm such as women, older
persons and even juveniles.
• Further, out-migration widens inequalities of income and wealth in
rural area families which receive large remittances and their incomes
rise. They make improvements on their farms which raise productivity
and production. These further increase their incomes. Some even buy
other farm lands. Thus such families become richer as compared to
• 2. Demographic Effects:
• Migration reduces population growth in rural areas.
Separation from wives for long periods and the use of
contraceptives help control population growth. When
very young males migrate to urban areas, they are so
influenced by the urban life that they do not like to
marry at an early age.
• Their aim is to earn more, settle in any vocation or job
and then marry. Living in urban areas makes the
migrants health conscious. Consequently, they
emphasise on the importance of health care, and
cleanliness which reduces fertility and mortality rates.
• 3. Social Effects:
• Migration also affects the social set-up of rural
communities. It weakens the joint family system if
the migrants settle permanently in urban areas. With
intermingling of the migrants with people of
different castes and regions in cities, they bring new
values and attitudes which gradually change old
values and customs of ruralites. Women play a
greater role in the social set­up of the rural life with
men having migrated to towns.
 Game 3
Bird in cage

There will be a lot taken

If it is said 1 cage 1 bird all should form 1 cage and 1 bird
 Video on kasmir
• Bring out any one reflection from the song
• It can be anything a word, scenery or
expression
 NAME:- RAMU P
REG.NO:- AP180612

UG – B.COM (SACRED HEART

COLLEGE)
PG – M.S.W (SACRED HEART
COLLEGE)
TOPIC - EFFECTS OF URBAN AREA
 Effects on Urban Areas:
• Migration affects urban areas (or the place of destination) in
the following ways:
• 1. Demographic Effects:
• Migration increases the population of the working class in
urban areas. But the majority of migrants are young men
between the ages of 15 to 24 years who are unwed. Others
above this age group come alone leaving their families at home.
• This tendency keeps fertility at a lower level than in rural areas.
Even those who settle permanently with their spouses favour
small number of children due to high costs of rearing them. The
other factor responsible for low fertility rate is the availability
of better medical and family planning facilities in urban areas.
• 2. Economic Effects:
• The effects of migration on income and employment in urban areas
are varied depending upon the type of migrants. Usually the
migrants are unskilled and find jobs of street hawkers, shoeshine
boys, carpenters, masons, tailors, rickshaw pullers, cooks and other
tradesmen, etc.
• These are “informal sector” activities which are low paying. But,
according to the ILO, the evidence suggests that the bulk of
employment in the informal sector is economically efficient and
profit-making. Thus such migrants earn enough to spend and remit
to their homes.
• Other migrants who are educated up to the secondary level
find jobs as shop helpers, assistants, taxi drivers, repairing
machines and consumer durables, marketing goods and in
other informal activities that are small in scale, labour
intensive and unregulated. Their earnings are sufficient to
bring them in the category of a common urbanite with an
income level higher than the unskilled workers.
• Another class of migrants that is very small is of those who
come for higher education in colleges and institutes to towns.
They find good job in the “formal sector”, get good salaries,
and follow a good standard of living. These are the persons
who remit large sums to their homes and help in modernising
the rural scenario.
 Tea break
•Please switch off the fans and lights
if you are out
•Use water sparingly
•Keep the place clean
NAME :-
ELANCHIZHIAN J
REG.NO:- AP180603

UG – PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

PG- SACRED HEART COLLEGE

TOPIC- EFFECTS ON RURAL

URBAN MIGRATION
 Adverse Effects of Rural-Urban Migration:

• (iii) Migration from rural to urban areas has a number of adverse effects.
• Towns and cities in which the migrants settle, face innumerable
problems. There is the prolific growth of huge slums and shantytowns.
These settlements and huge neighbourhoods have no access to
municipal services such as clean and running water, public services,
electricity, and sewage system.
• There is acute housing shortage. The city transport system is unable the
meet the demand of the growing population. There are air and noise
pollutions, and increased crime and congestion. The costs of providing
facilities are too high to be met, despite the best intentions of the local
bodies.
• Besides, there is massive underemployment and unemployment in
towns and cities. Men and women are found selling bananas,
groundnuts, balloons and other cheap products on pavements and in
streets. Many work as shoeshines, parking helpers, porters, etc.
• Thus, urban migration increases the growth rate of job seekers
relative to its population growth, thereby raising urban supply of
labour. On the demand side, there are no enough jobs available for
the ruralities in the formal urban sector for the uneducated and
unskilled rural migrants.
• Consequently, this rapid increase in labour supply and the lack of
demand for such labour lead to chronic and increasing urban
unemployment and underemployment.

 
Migration has both positive and negative impacts
on the destination country.
Advantages
Cheap Labour: 
Migrants often do many unskilled jobs for a very little wage. Skilled migrants are
also often happy to give their services for little salary.

Skilled Labour: 
Some immigrants are highly skilled and talented, and they contribute to
knowledge and production for the well-being of all in that country.

Cultural Diversity: 
Immigrants provide the diversity in many places. Diversity helps cultures and
traditions to loosen the grip on racism, discrimination and things like that.
Diversity helps people learn about other ways of life and what goes on in other
places of the world. It brings variety to almost every part of our ways of life.
Diversity helps people to better appreciate humanity and human rights in
general.
 Disadvantages
Job loss: 
Immigrants may also cause pressure on job issues as the locals often lose jobs to
incoming workers.

Discrimination/racism: 
Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants who cannot speak the
local language or do not behave like the locals often find themselves not accepted in
their communities, as people prefer not to have anything to do with them.

Social/Civil Pressure: 
Housing, health, education and many other facilities may suffer from the pressure of
excessive use by more people than it was designed to take. This can force prices of
such amenities to go high, causing hardship to all.
Breakdown of culture and traditions:
Traditions and cultures are negatively modified because of diversity. Sometimes
healthy ways of lives are lapsed as different people are exposed to different ways of
doing things. Sometimes new crime incidents emerge or increase as a result of ‘bad’
people coming in.
 Evaluation
•Clarifications 15 minutes
•Things to improve 10 minutes
•Written script 5 minutes
 Thankyou
•To HOD
•To field work co Ordinator
•To field work supervisor
•To all the participants
•To the sound engineers
•To the resource persons