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Cardiomyopathy

The document discusses different types of cardiomyopathies including dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. It covers causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each type.

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Endla Srini
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23 views38 pages

Cardiomyopathy

The document discusses different types of cardiomyopathies including dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. It covers causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each type.

Uploaded by

Endla Srini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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⦿ Constitutes

a group of diseases that directly


affect the structural or functional ability
of the myocardium
⦿ Primary:
It refers to those conditions in which
the etiology of heart disease is unknown.

⦿ Secondary:
It refers that the cause
of myocardial diseases are known.
⦿ World health organization classified into

 Dilated
 Hypertrophic
 Restrictive
⦿ It is a condition in which the hearts ability to pump
blood is decreased because the hearts main
pumping chamber, the left ventricle, is enlarged or
weakened.
Characterized by diffuse inflammation and
rapid degeneration of myocardial fibers

ventricular dilation

impairment of systolic function

Atrial enlargement and stasis of blood in the


left ventricle cardiomegaly
⦿ Cardiotoxic agents like alcohol or coccaine
⦿ Genetic
⦿ Hypertension
⦿ Ischemia(CAD)
⦿ Muscular dystrophy (Weakening and wasting
of muscles)
⦿ Myocarditis
⦿ Pregnancy
⦿ Valve disease
⦿ Decreased exercise capacity
⦿ Fatigue
⦿ Dyspnea
⦿ Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
⦿ Orthopnea
As the disease progresses,
⦿ Dry cough, palpitations
⦿ Abdominal bloating
⦿ Nausea, vomiting
⦿ anorexia
⦿ Abnormal S3 and S4 sound
⦿ Tachycardia or
bradycardia
⦿ Edema
⦿ Pulmonary crackles
⦿ Weak peripheral pulses
⦿ Hepatomegaly
⦿ Jugular venous distention
⦿ History
⦿ Echocardiography
⦿ Chest x-ray: shows the signs of cardiomegaly
⦿ ECG: reveals tachycardia, bradycardia and
dysarrythmias.
⦿ Cardiac catheterization: it is performed to
confirm CAD
⦿ Nitrates:eg- isosorbitrate
⦿ Loop diuretics: eg-furosemide
⦿ ACE inhibitors: eg- captopril
⦿ Beta adrenergic blockers: eg- atenolol
⦿ Aldosterone agonists: eg- spironolactone
⦿ Cardiac glycoside : eg-digoxin
⦿ Anticoagulation therapy
⦿ Cardiac transplantation
⦿ Assymetricleft ventricular hypertrophy
without ventricular dilation.

⦿ When the septum between two ventricles


become enlarged and obstructs the
blood flow from left ventricle, it is
known as hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy.
⦿ Aortic stenosis

⦿ Genetic

⦿ Hypertension

⦿ More common in men between ages 30 to 40


Thickened intra-ventricular septum and
ventricular wall

ventricular hypertrophy

diastolic

dysfunction

impaired ventricular filling and obstruction to


decreased outflow
⦿ Exertional dyspnea (Shortness of
breath during exercise)

⦿ Decreased cardiac output

⦿ Fatigue

⦿ Angina

⦿ Syncope

⦿ Hypertension
⦿ History and physical examination

⦿ Transthoracic echocardiogram. In this test, a


device (transducer) is pressed firmly against your
skin. The transducer aims an ultrasound beam
through your chest to your heart, producing
moving images of the working of the heart.
⦿ Electrocardiogram (ECG). Wires (electrodes)
attached to adhesive pads on your skin measure
electrical impulses from your heart. An ECG
can detect enlarged chambers of your heart and
abnormal heart rhythms.
⦿ Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields
and radio waves to create images of your heart.
Cardiac MRI is often used in addition to
echocardiography in the evaluation of people
with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
⦿ Cardiac catheterization. In this procedure, a catheter is
inserted into a blood vessel, usually in your neck or groin
area. The catheter is then carefully threaded to your
heart chambers under guidance of an X-ray machine. In
addition to measuring pressures in your heart, cardiac
catheterization is used to obtain X-ray images
(angiograms) of your heart and blood vessels. A dye is
injected through the catheter to help visualize your heart
and blood vessels. This test is rarely used to diagnose
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
⦿ Beta adrenergic blockers: eg- atenolol

⦿ Calcium channel blocker: eg- verapamil

⦿ Antidysrhythmic drugs : eg- amiodarone


⦿ Septal myectomy:
⚫It is an open heart surgical procedure
in which the surgeon removes the part
of thickened , over grown septum
between the ventricles.
⦿ Septal ablation:
⚫In this procedure a small portion of
the thickened heart muscle is
destroyed by
injecting alcohol through a long, thin
tube into the artery supplying blood to
that area.
⦿ Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD):
 It is recommended when the persons have life
threatening heart rhythm disorders. It is a
small instrument which can be implanted in
the chest as a pacemaker
⦿ Disease of the heart muscle that impairs
diastolic filling and stretch and the systolic
function remains unaffected.
⦿ Unknown etiology

⦿ Myocardial fibrosis,endocardial fibrosis,


sarcoidosis and radiation to the thorax
etiologic factors

Stiffness of the ventricular wall with loss of


ventricular compliance

Ventricles become resistant to filling

decrease cardiac output


⦿ Fatigue

⦿ Exercise intolerance
⦿ Dyspnea

⦿ Orthopnea(shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when


lying flat)
⦿ Syncope

⦿ Palpitations

⦿ Peripheral edema
⦿ Jugular venous distention
⦿ Chest x-ray: shows cardiomegaly
⦿ ECG: shows tachycardia
⦿ Echocardiography : for the visualization of
left ventricle
⦿ CT-Scan and MRI Scan
⦿ Beta adrenergic blockers: eg- atenolol

⦿ Calcium channel blocker: eg- verapamil


⦿ Steriods:hydrocortisone
⦿ Antidysrhythmic drugs : eg- amiodarone
⦿ A heart transplantation may be considered if the
heart function is very poor and the symptoms
are severe.
⦿ Instruct the patient to take all medicines on
prescribed time.
⦿ Encourage to use low sodium diet
⦿ Instruct to drink more water
⦿ Instruct the patient to maintain proper body
weight
⦿ Teach the patient to balance activity and
rest
⦿ Instruct the patient to avoid vigorous
activities and exercises
⦿ Encourage to perform stress reduction
activities.
⦿ Teach about breathing and coughing
exercise
⦿ Suggest the family members to learn about
CPR.
⦿ Decreased cardiac out put

⦿ Impaired tissue perfusion

⦿ Impaired breathing pattern

⦿ Imbalanced nutrition

⦿ Impaired physical mobility

⦿ fatigue

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