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Week 3 Sci 8

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Joseph Gabriel Genuino Cruz
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136 views45 pages

Week 3 Sci 8

Uploaded by

Joseph Gabriel Genuino Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PREDICT PHENOTYPIC

EXPRESSIONS OF TRAITS
FOLLOWING SIMPLE PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
S8LT-IVF-18
MELC
MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
Heredity
◦ Heredity- passing of traits from parent to offspring
◦ Traits- characteristics that are inherited
◦ hair color, height, blood type, susceptibility to a certain disease (diabetes, depression,
obesity, breast cancer)
◦ Genetics- the study of heredity
Gregor Mendel
• Austrian monk who formulated
fundamental laws of heredity in early
1860s
• Studied science and mathematics at
University of Vienna
• Conducted breeding experiments with the
garden pea (Pisum sativum)
• Gathered and documented mathematical
data from his experiments
Mendel’s Experiments
• Garden Pea
• Easy to cultivate
• Short generation time
• Cross-pollination by hand
Mendel’s Experiments
Self-Pollination
◦ Involves having
the pollen (male
sperm) be directly
deposited on the
female section of
the flower
Cross- Pollination
◦ Requires the
removal of the male
stamen (makes
pollen) on 1st flower
and transferring the
pollen from a
different flower
to the first one
Blending Inheritance
• Prior to Mendel, most breeders believed parents of
contrasting appearance always produce offspring
of intermediate appearance
• No knowledge of cells/chromosomes
• Based on the idea that offspring have traits of both
parents
• Reappearance of traits attributed to genetic instability
Mendel’s Experiments
• Studied mathematical trends in breeding patterns
• Looked at simple discrete traits
• Mendel’s experiments helped him formulate the
particulate theory of inheritance
• Inheritance involves reshuffling of genes from
generation to generation
One-Trait Inheritance
◦ Mendel performed cross-breeding experiments
between true-breeding plants
◦ True-breeding – parents with a certain trait consistently
pass that trait to every offspring (homozygous)
◦ Chose varieties that differed in only one trait
(monohybrid cross)
Results of Mendel’s cross of true breeding short with a
true breeding tall pea plant
Mendel saw the same results in
different traits
One-Trait Inheritance

• Performed reciprocal crosses – individuals


pollinate one another
• Parental generation = P
• First generation offspring = F1
• Second generation offspring = F2
• Formulated law of segregation
Law of Segregation
• Each individual has two factors for each trait
• The factors segregate during gamete formation
• Each gamete contains only one factor from each
pair of factors
• Fertilization gives each new individual two factors
for each trait
Law of Segregation
Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross
Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross
Alleles on homologous chromosomes
◦ These alternative forms of a gene that code for a trait are called alleles. There are 2
alleles for each trait; 1 allele for a trait is from mom and 1 allele is from dad.
Homologous Chromosomes
Principle of Dominance
• Dominant allele (capital letter) masks the
expression of the recessive allele (lower-case)

• Alleles occur on a homologous pair of


chromosomes at a particular gene locus (location
of gene on the chromosome)
• Homozygous = identical alleles (TT, tt)
• Heterozygous = different alleles (Tt)
Genotype Vs. Phenotype
• Genotype
• Refers to the alleles an individual receives at
fertilization
• If alleles are identical, genotype is homozygous
• If alleles are different, genotype is heterozygous
• Phenotype
• Refers to the physical appearance of the individual
Practice
In humans, the ability to taste the bitterness of
PTC paper is dominant (T) to not being able to
taste the bitterness of PTC paper (t).

GENOTYPE GENOTYPE IN PHENOTYPE


SCIENCE TERMS
Punnett Square
• All possible genotypes of sperm are
lined up on one axis, and all
possible genotypes of eggs are
lined up on the other axis
• Every possible combination of
alleles (zygote genotypes) placed
within the squares
Alternate forms of a gene are called
A. Chromosomes
B. Alleles
C. Gametes
D. Heterozygotes
Only one ________ allele is needed in
order for that trait to be expressed in the
phenotype.
A. Recessive
B. Dominant
C. Heterozygous
D. Homozygous
Which of the following genotypes is
1.
homozygous
RR
recessive?
2. Rr
3. rr
The genotype TT is
1. Homozygous recessive
2. Homozygous dominant
3. Heterozygous
Which of the following genotypes is
heterozygous?
1.BB
2.Bb
3.bb
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). Mr.
Mallin has blue eyes. What is his genotype?

1. BB
2. Bb
3. bb
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b).
Channing Tatum has brown eyes. What is his
genotype?

1. BB
2. Bb
3. bb
4. BB or Bb
Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b).
Assume Mr. Ward is homozygous dominant for brown
eyes. What is his son’s phenotype?

1. Brown eyes
2. Blue eyes
3. Bb
4. BB
Free earlobes (E) are dominant over attached earlobes (e). Ms.
Palmeri’s phenotype is free earlobes and her genotype is
heterozygous (Ee).

Which of these statements is true?

1. Both of her parents have


attached ear lobes
2. At least one of her parents
has free earlobes
3. Both of her parents are
homozygous recessive
If a persons genotype is EE, what percentage of
their gametes (produced by meiosis) would contain
the recessive allele?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 0%
The previous question is a direct
application of which of Mendel’s laws?
A. Law of independent assortment
B. Law of Homozygous Dominance
C. Law of Segregation
D. Principle of Dominance
Testcross
• A monohybrid testcross is used to determine if an
individual with the dominant phenotype is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a particular
trait
• Individuals with recessive phenotype always have the
homozygous recessive genotype

• However, Individuals with dominant phenotype have


indeterminate genotype
• May be homozygous dominant, or

• Heterozygous
Testcross
Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Two-Trait Testcross
• A two-trait testcross is used to determine if an individual is homozygous dominant or
heterozygous for either of the two traits
Two-Trait Testcross
Law of Independent Assortment
◦ Pairs of alleles for different traits separate independently of
one another during gamete formation (meiosis).
◦ In other words the inheritance of one trait has no influence
on the inheritance of another trait.

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