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Introduction Definition of Reactive Power and Its Requirement Power Flow in Two Bus System

This document defines reactive power and its importance in power systems. It provides examples to explain reactive power, including an analogy comparing a boat being pulled through water to reactive power in electrical systems. It also discusses the importance of reactive power for voltage control and regulation, and preventing voltage collapse. Finally, it presents equations for modeling power flow in a simple two bus system and determining the voltage stability limit.

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Nauman Mansuri
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41 views

Introduction Definition of Reactive Power and Its Requirement Power Flow in Two Bus System

This document defines reactive power and its importance in power systems. It provides examples to explain reactive power, including an analogy comparing a boat being pulled through water to reactive power in electrical systems. It also discusses the importance of reactive power for voltage control and regulation, and preventing voltage collapse. Finally, it presents equations for modeling power flow in a simple two bus system and determining the voltage stability limit.

Uploaded by

Nauman Mansuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction: definition of reactive

power and its requirement power


flow in two bus system
Department of electrical engineering, GEC Bharuch

Made by:
Mansuri Nauman A. 170143109014

Guided by:
Proff. P.k.gamit
Definitin of reactive power
 Reactive power is the power that supplied the stored energy in
reactive elements. Power, as we know, consists of two
components, active and reactive power. The total sum of active
and reactive power is called as apparent power.
 For most electrical loads like motors, the current I is lagging
behind voltage V by an angle Φ.
 In current vector diagram, the current vector can be split into
two components:
is called the “active” component of the current
is called the “reactive” component of the current
 The previous diagram was drawn up for currents also applies to
powers, by multiplying each current by the common voltage V.
 Apparent power: S=V*I(kVA)
 Active power: P=V*Ia(kW) “active” component
  Reactive power: Q=V*Ir(kvar) “reactive” component
Analogy to explain reactive power
 Take a boat on canal, pulled by a horse.
 The fact that the horse is not walking
straight in front of the boat.
 Consequences:
The fact that the rope is pulling at the flank
of the horse and not straight behind it, and limit
the horse’s capacity to deliver work.
The turned rudder leads to the extra losses.
 The vector representation of the force to
pull the boat is similar to the vector
representation of power in an electric
system.
Importance of reactive power
 Voltage control in electrical power system is important for proper operation for electrical power
equipment to prevent damage such as overheating of generators and motors, to reduce
transmission losses and to maintain the ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage
collapse.
 Decreasing reactive power causing voltage to fall while increasing it causing voltage to rise. A
voltage collapse may be occurs when the system try to serve much more load than the voltage
can support.
 When reactive power supply lower the voltage, as voltage drops current must increase to
maintain power supplied, causing system to consume more reactive power and the voltage drops
further. If the current increase too much, transmission lines go off line. Overloading other lines
and potentially causing cascading failures.
 If the voltages drops too low, some generators disconnects automatically to protect themselves.
Voltage collapse occurs when an increase in load or less generations or transmission facilities
causes dropping voltage, which causes a further reduction in reactive power from capacitors and
line charging, and still their further voltage reduction. If voltage reduction continues, these will
cause additional elements to trip, leading further reduction in voltage and loss of the load. The
result in this entire progressive and uncontrollable declines in voltage is that the system unable to
provide the reactive power required supplying the reactive power deamands.
Why we need reactive power
 Active power is the energy required to run a motor, heat a home, or illuminate an
electric bulb. Reactive power provides the important function of regulating voltage.
 If voltage on the system is not high enough, active power can not be supplied.
 Reactive power is used to provide the voltage level necessary for active power to do
useful work.
 Reactive power is essential to move active power through transmission and distribution
system to the customer. Reactive power is required to maintain the voltage to deliver
active power (watts) through transmission lines.
 Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert the flow of electrons
into useful work.
 When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags down and it is not possible
to push the power demands by loads through the lines.
Power flow in two bus system


  The basic power flow equation in a two bus system being given
by
(1)
(2)
 The jacobian can be obtained as

  At the voltage stability limit, the jocabian [J] is equal to zero, We get

(3)
 In above equation, Vr represent the receiving end voltage at voltage stability
limit and it can be denoted by , while power angle attains its critical value .
 For reactive power constrain line

 Now substitute the value of P from equation (1) we get


 (4)

  Compare equation (2) and (5), we get

(5)
 Now, comparing equation (3) and (6), we get

by simplification,
(6)
where,
 Now put
(7)
where,
 At unity power factor, we get

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