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Introduction To Respiratory Physiology

The document discusses respiratory physiology and the process of respiration. Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. The goal is to release energy in the form of ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Respiration has four phases: ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs, transport of gases in blood, and exchange between blood and cells. Key parts of the respiratory system include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The document also outlines the functional anatomy and non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system.

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Kingsley Udeaja
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309 views21 pages

Introduction To Respiratory Physiology

The document discusses respiratory physiology and the process of respiration. Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. The goal is to release energy in the form of ATP through either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Respiration has four phases: ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs, transport of gases in blood, and exchange between blood and cells. Key parts of the respiratory system include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The document also outlines the functional anatomy and non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system.

Uploaded by

Kingsley Udeaja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

By Dr Emeke Ossai
BRIEF OUTLINE
What is Respiration?
Goal of Respiration
Types of Respiration
Phases of Respiration
Common Words and Concepts
Functional Anatomy of the Tracheobronchial Tree
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is Respiration?

 Respiration = Respiration is the process


by which oxygen is taken in and carbon
dioxide is given out.

 the series of exchanges that leads to the


uptake of oxygen by the cells, and the
release of carbon dioxide to the lungs
Goal Of Respiration
The singular goal of respiration is the release of
energy in the form of ATP to power all cellular
processes.

Oxygen acts as the liberator of this energy stored in


chemical form in the foods we eat.
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration:
Breakdown of glucose in the presence of air (oxygen) to
yield Co2, water and energy (2900KJ)

• Anaerobic Respiration:
Breakdown of glucose in the absence of air (oxygen) to
yield lactic acid and energy (120KJ)
Phases Of Respiration
Step 1 = Ventilation
Inspiration & expiration

Step 2 = Exchange between alveoli


(lungs) and pulmonary
capillaries (blood)
Referred to as External Respiration

Step 3 = Transport of gases in blood


Step 4 = Exchange between blood and
cells
Referred to as Internal Respiration

Step 5 = Oxygen Utilization


 The final use of oxygen for the production
of water, carbon dioxide, and the release of
energy
Common Words and Concepts
1. Upper Respiratory Tract: Comprise of mouth, nose,
larynx and pharynx.
2. Lower Respiratory Tract: Comprise of the Trachea,
Bronchi, Bronchioles and Smaller air passages.
3. Alveoli: They are ends of the respiratory tree; tiny air
sacs where gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs.
4. Chest Wall/Cavity: Also known as thoracic wall and
cavity. Bounded by the rib cage, muscles, fascia and
skin. The diaphragm is the floor of the chest cavity. It
houses mainly the lungs and heart.
5. Pleura: Bilayered serous membrane that encloses the
lungs. Divided in visceral and parietal.
6. Elastic Recoil: It is the ability of the lungs to return
to its original size after expiration.
7. Compliance: It is the ability of the lungs to stretch
during inspiration.
8. Ventilation: It is the breathing in of fresh air, and
breathing out of ‘stale’ air.

9. Partial Pressure: It is the independent pressure


contributed by a gas to the overall pressure in a
mixture of gases.

10. Respiratory Membrane: It is made up of both the


aveolar membraneand the pulmonary capillary
membrane.
During inspiration,
Functional anatomy air passes
of the Tracheobronchial Tree through the nose or the
mouth (or both) into the pharynx, a passage common
to both air and food.

The pharynx branches into two tubes: the esophagus,


through which food passes to the stomach, and the
larynx, which is part of the airways.

The larynx houses the vocal cords, two folds of elastic


tissue stretched horizontally across its lumen.
 The larynx opens into a long tube, the trachea, which
in turn branches into two bronchi (singular,
bronchus), one of which enters each lung.

Within the lungs, there are more than 20 generations


of branchings, each resulting in narrower, shorter, and
more numerous tubes.
The walls of the trachea and bronchi contain rings of
cartilage, which give them their cylindrical shape and
support them. The first airway branches that no longer
contain cartilage are termed bronchioles, which branch
into the smaller, terminal bronchioles.

Alveoli first begin to appear attached to the walls of the


respiratory bronchioles. The number of alveoli increases
in the alveolar ducts, and the airways then end in
grapelike clusters called alveolar sacs that consist entirely
of alveoli.
The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle, which
contracts or relaxes to alter bronchiolar radius.

 The airways beyond the larynx can be divided into two zones.
The conducting zone extends from the top of the trachea to
the end of the terminal bronchioles. This zone contains no
alveoli and does not exchange gases with the blood.

The respiratory zone extends from the respiratory


bronchioles down. This zone contains alveoli and is the
region where gases exchange with the blood.
Non-Respiratory Functions of the
Respiratory system.

Take that as an assignment!!!


THE END

Thank You

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