Tele-Protection

Fundamentals and Applications

Eng. Hassan Gaafar Hassan

References
• IEC-60834-1: Tele-Protection Equipment of power systems Performance
and testing (Command system)
• IEC-60834-2: Tele-Protection Equipment of power systems Performance
and testing (Analogue Comparison systems)
• VALENCE Electrical Training Services
• Protection Using Telecommunications (CIGRE JWG)
• International Electro-technical vocabulary (IEV)
• IEEE C.37.243 Application of Digital Line Current Differential Relays using
Digital Communication
• SWT3000 Equipment Manual
• ABB Tele-Protection Fundamentals and Applications
Protection Importance

• Power system protection schemes are designed to detect and clear

faults, in accordance with requirements on protection to:

- Minimize adverse affects on customer loads

- Minimize disruption of system power transfer capability

- Coordinate tripping with protective relays in other protection zones

- Prevent severe power swings or system instability (Black-outs)

- Limit or prevent equipment damage

Protection Introduction
Protection:
The provisions for detecting faults or other abnormal conditions in a power system,
for enabling fault clearance, for terminating abnormal conditions, and for initiating
signals or indications
[IEV 448-11-01]

Protection Equipment:
An equipment incorporating one or more protection relays and, if necessary, logic
elements intended to perform one or more specified protection functions
[IEV 448-11-03]

Protection System:
An arrangement of one or more protection equipment, and other devices intended to
perform one or more specified protection functions (e.g. Distance Protection,
Differential protection ..)
[IEV 448-11-04]
• Selectivity of protection
The ability of a protection to identify the faulty section and/or
phase(s) of a power system
[IEV 448-11-06]

• Tele-protection equipment
Equipment specially designed to be used in conjunction with a
protection system. The tele-protection equipment, which is connected
to a telecommunication link between both ends of the protected
circuit, transforms the information given by the protection equipment
into a form suitable for transmission through Telecommunication
channel

• Tele-protection system
System composed of tele-protection equipment and an associated
telecommunication system between the ends of a protected circuit
Protection Relay
• protection relay is a smart device that receives inputs, compares them
to set points, and provides outputs. Inputs can be current, voltage,
resistance, or temperature. Outputs can include visual feedback in the
form of indicator lights and/or an alphanumeric display,
communications, control warnings, alarms, and turning power off and
on
WHY DOES PROTECTION NEED TELECOMMUNICATION?

• Protection systems must meet sensitivity, time response, selectivity

and reliability requirements in order to meet fault clearing
requirements.

• Fault clearing systems for generators, busses, transformers or other

units within a substation can normally meet these requirements
without using telecommunication.

• Protection schemes (stand-alone step-distance) for extremely high

voltage transmission lines, however, very seldom meet all of these
requirements without using telecommunications.
• Telecommunications are needed to ensure that time response and
selectivity requirements are met for all power system fault conditions

• Telecommunications is also essential for some types of protection

schemes, like Differential schemes, to operate.

• If telecommunication fails, backup protection schemes ensure that

power system faults will be cleared, but they may not be cleared
within specified performance requirements (to avoid the probability of
uncontrollable power swings and partial or complete system blackout)

• Alternative methods for reducing the probability of fault-induced

blackouts is to build additional generating stations and transmission
lines, or add redundant telecommunications (more cheap).
• Telecommunications is vital to the reliability and economy of modern
electric power systems.

• Protection using telecommunication provides consistent relay tripping

times in the order of 2 to 3 cycles (40-60 ms in 50 HZ), while for stand-
alone protection schemes may take upwards of 20 to 30 cycles to trip
both line terminals of a faulted line

• Protection relays are interfaced with telecommunication systems

through the tele-protection function. The tele-protection function may
be performed by a standalone device (like SWT3000, DIP5000), or it
may be integrated with the protective relay (Electrical/ fiber) or with
the telecommunication equipment
- Distance protection
A non-circuit protection whose operation and selectivity depend on
local measurement of electrical quantities from which the equivalent
distance to the fault is evaluated by comparing with zone settings
[IEV 448-14-01]

- Under-reach
The condition of a protection, generally distance protection, when the
shortest zone setting corresponds to a reach shorter than the protected
section
[IEV 448-14-05]

- Overreach
The condition of a protection, generally distance protection, when the
shortest zone setting corresponds to a reach longer than the protected
section
[IEV 448-14-07]
- Permissive Protection
A protection, generally distance protection, in which the receipt of a
signal permits the local protection to initiate tripping
[IEV 448-14-09]

- Permissive Under-reach Protection (PUP)

Protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication,
with under-reach protection at each section end and in which a signal is
transmitted when a fault is detected by the under-reach protection.
Receipt of the signal at the other end initiates tripping if other local
permissive protection at the other end has detected the fault
[IEV 448-15-11]

- Permissive Overreach Protection (POP)

Protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication,
with overreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is
transmitted when a fault is detected by the overreach protection. Receipt
of the signal at the other end permits the initiation of tripping by the
local overreach protection
[IEV 448-15-16]
Distance Protection

• Protection relays measure both Current and Voltage through CTs and
VTs of the line

• Distance Protection uses impedance to Locate the fault according to

zone settings

• Normally Zone-1 will be set from 70-85% of the total impedance of the
line with time set to T0

• Zone-2 will be set from 120-130% of the line with time set to 15-20
Cycle
Types of Tele-Protection command schemes

• Permissive tripping
refers to schemes where the received command initiates tripping in conjunction
with a local protection equipment.. The channel is often designed with the premise
that dependability of operation should be high even under conditions when, due to
a power system disturbance, the telecommunication medium may be adversely
affected.

• Inter-tripping (direct or transfer tripping)

refers to schemes where the received command initiates tripping without
qualification by local protection. Inter-trip channels utilize similar principles to
permissive trip channels; however, security against unwanted operation and
dependability of correct operation are prime requirements. Speed of operation is
usually sacrificed to meet security and dependability requirements, particularly in
analogue systems.

• Blocking protection
refers to schemes where the received command blocks the operation of local
protection. These channels utilize similar principles to permissive trip channels;
however, dependability of operation and speed are prime requirements.
Performance Settings in Tele-Protection

• Security
Relates to the ability to prevent interference and noise from generating a command state
at the receiving end when no command signal is transmitted.

• Dependability

Relates to the ability to issue and receive a valid command in the presence of
interference and/or noise

• Transmission Time
The time elapsed between the instant of change in state at the command input and the
instant of the corresponding change in state at the command output, excluding propagation
time.

• Bandwidth/ Bit Rate

- For analogue, it is a measure of the width of a range of frequencies, measured
in hertz
- For Digital, the rate of data transfer, bit rate or throughput, measured in bits
per second (bit/s)
Differential Protection
• Analog comparison protection is based on the transmission and
comparison of electrical parameters such as primary currents
(amplitude and/or phase) between the ends of a protected line. Each
end sends its registered values to each other and compares them with
the remote ones.

• When an internal fault occurs, the result of the comparison will be a

differential value, so that, if it is higher than a threshold, the relay will
initiate the trip.

• Comparison must be made between magnitudes at the same instant

and delay must be provided for the local signal to compensate for the
transmission time of the remote value.

• Unlike the time-grade protection such as distance and time

overcurrent relays, the trip of the analog comparison protection is
instantaneous for every fault on the protected line.
• In normal operation conditions or external faults, the current entering
at one end is practically the same as one leaving at the other end, so
the differential current value is practically zero and the protection will
remain stable.

• For a fault on the protected power line the differential current value
will exceed the operation value and the protection will trip.

• In order to handle time delay issue and synchronize the data

between two relays, digital devices incorporate different
techniques in which the messages of current values sent through
the communication channel are tagged with the sampling time
(Ping pong, Time delay calculations/ echo time, Time Stamp and
normally by using the GPS).

• Any error in delay compensation results in a differential current

will increase the risk of unwanted tripping.
Time stamped sampling time synchronization
Time Synchronization using GPS
Telecommunication Systems
Telecommunication Systems
TELEPROTECTION INTERFACES

• The type of interface depends strongly on whether the tele-protection device is a

separate equipment or whether it is an integrated function of the protection relay

• Transmission time delay, bandwidth and signal quality are important

parameters when considering the design of a telecommunication system used for
protection

• Four types of interfaces are commonly used for protection relaying:

- Contact based interfaces (SWT3000, DIP5000, NSD570, DIMAT)

- Analogue interfaces (pilot cables/ PLC)
- Electrical data interfaces (serial/ X.21/ G703/ Ethernet)
- Optical fiber interfaces (Direct MM/ SM, MM-IEEE C37.94)

• In the near future, Ethernet interfaces will likely be introduced not only for intra-
station communication using LANs, but also for inter-station communication
across a WAN.
• GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) message are used for
intra-station communication inside S/S as per IEC 61850 (UCA: Utility
Communications Architecture) used for local control

• In future it is expected to use GOOSE message for inter-station

communication through WAN (Tele-control)

• Main obstacle related to use TCP/IP (Packet Switching) is transmission

time delay as it is not fixed

• EC TC57: Communication Networks and Systems in Substations. FDIS

(Final Draft International Standard) of IEC 60870-5-104, specifying the
transport of teleoperation data (IEC 60870-5-101) using TCP/IP.
Transmission Media/ Protocols

A secure and dependable point-to-point communication is

normally required for Tele-Protection. Possible transmission media are:

• Pilot wires

• Power line carrier links (PLC)

• Microwave radio links

• Fiber optic links (PDH, SDH, MPLS_TP)

• Satellite links (VSAT)

KAB-IBAB Diff Sample
220 kV Short Line
S/S A S/S B
Line Protection
Panel Line Protection
Panel

Teleprotection Teleprotection
Cubicle Cubicle
SIEMENS SIEMENS

DC supply
DC supply

Digital SDH-comm. network

Main 2 (REL551) Optical fibres
** **

Converter
Main 2 (REL551)
FIBERDATA

FIBERDATA
X.21/ E1
Converter
X.21/E1
21-6X

21-6X
* *
SFORM

SFORM
DCM-

DCM-
87L
87L

Logic: DTT Receive

Logic: DTT Receive

(*) Galvanic X.21 (**) Supply by ABB;

twisted pair cable with mounted in
double shield <10m Teleprotection Panel
• Interface co-ordination has to be ensured regarding:

- Type of interface (applicable standard)

- Data rate (digital) or bandwidth (analog)
- Signal flow direction
- Electrical insulation requirements
- EMC requirements
- Cable screening and signal ground connections
- Connector design and pin/signal allocation
And in particular for digital circuits:
- Clock provisioning for synchronous operation
- Low level data formats (asynchronous data format, synchronous
operation)
- Data flow control

• Unless all interface parameters are properly coordinated between

devices, proper operation of the protection scheme cannot be expected
Tele-Protection
Practical Sample
SIEMENS SWT3000
SWT3000 PU-3 Version
SWT3000
PU-4 V
DIP Switches on IFC Modules
• DIP switch S1 for the Test Mode.
• DIP Switch S2 is for the selection of PU3 and PU4 module and to
indicate the slot address of each IFC module (for new versions only)
as per below:
Jumper Settings for PU-4
SWT3000 Remote Management/ Monitoring Solutions
SWT3000 Network Management System

• Perform remote maintenance operations

• Read the event recorder from any location
• Monitor the network in real time with SNMP
 SIEMENS SWT3000
Configuration and programming
with POWERSYS
Configuration (General)

• Connection Menu (Serial or TCP/IP, Authority of connection)

• Data Source Menu (Device, Remote, File)

• Information Menu (Event recorder, Counter, Alarms, Update

information …)

• Adjustment Menu (Time Set for SWT device)

• Save and Load/ Restore Backup files to Device process

• Disconnect Menu
Configuration (Menu)
• System sub-menu (Operation mode, Connection interface and address)

• System-2 sub-menu(Interfaces, Test mode, PS redundancy …)

• RM sub-menu (Remote Maintenance settings using In-band and SSB

channels)

• Clock Synchronization sub-menu

• O/P Allocation, I/P configuration and Signal allocation (related to

mode configuration and normally automatically configured)

• Alarm sub-menu settings

Timer Sub-Menu

• Time settings to be done according to protection requirements

• Command Input Sub-menu (Limitation and extension for pulse

time received from Protection Relay)

• Command Input-2 (Pulse suppression)

• Command Output (Limitation of Output command/ Contact)

• Command Output (prolongation/ Extension Settings)

 SIEMENS SWT3000
General Testing & Commissioning
Testing & Commissioning steps

• Visual/ Mechanical inspection (physical installation, wiring

system, labeling …)

• Approvals compliance check (Design, BOQ, Drawings …)

• Drawings Mark-up (Modification and external connections)

• Inventory check

• Strap and jumper settings to be checked

• Time and SW check

Testing & Commissioning steps

• Synchronization test (if applicable)

• Remote connection check

• SW End to End test (test mode)

• Final End to End test

• Test result to be sent to Protection (in case of Timer test)