Scribd
Upload
42 views

Optical Transmission Coax Cable Twisted Pair

The document discusses [1] different frequency ranges used for various communication methods, from very low frequency radio waves to visible light, [2] how frequency and wavelength are related by the speed of light, and [3] some common transmission media and their capabilities and limitations, such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical transmission.

Uploaded by

Akash Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views

Optical Transmission Coax Cable Twisted Pair

The document discusses [1] different frequency ranges used for various communication methods, from very low frequency radio waves to visible light, [2] how frequency and wavelength are related by the speed of light, and [3] some common transmission media and their capabilities and limitations, such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical transmission.

Uploaded by

Akash Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Frequencies for communication

twisted coax cable optical transmission


pair

1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 m 1 m
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency


LF = Low Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
HF = High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light
VHF = Very High Frequency

Frequency and wave length:


 = c/f
wave length , speed of light c  3x108m/s, frequency f
Frequencies for mobile communication

 VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio


 simple, small antenna for cars
 deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections
 SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
 small antenna, focusing
 large bandwidth available
 Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF spectrum
 some systems planned up to EHF
 limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules
(resonance frequencies)
 weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.
Signals I

 physical representation of data


 function of time and location
 signal parameters: parameters representing the value of data
 classification
 continuous time/discrete time
 continuous values/discrete values
 analog signal = continuous time and continuous values
 digital signal = discrete time and discrete values
 signal parameters of periodic signals:
period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift 
 sine wave as special periodic signal for a carrier:

s(t) = At sin(2  ft t + t)


Signals II

 Different representations of signals


 amplitude (amplitude domain)
 frequency spectrum (frequency domain)
 phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase  in polar coordinates)
A [V] A [V] Q = M sin 

t[s] 
I= M cos 

 f [Hz]
 Composed signals transferred into frequency domain using Fourier
transformation
 Digital signals need
 infinite frequencies for perfect transmission
 modulation with a carrier frequency for transmission (analog signal!)
Antennas: isotropic radiator
 Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves, coupling of
wires to space for radio transmission
 Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions (three
dimensional) - only a theoretical reference antenna
 Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or
horizontally)
 Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna

z
y z

y x ideal
x isotropic
radiator
Antennas: simple dipoles

 Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with lengths /4 on car roofs or /2 as
Hertzian dipole
 shape of antenna proportional to wavelength

/4 /2

 Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole


y y z

simple
x z x dipole
side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)
 Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared to the power of an isotropic
radiator (with the same average power)
Antennas: directed and sectorized

Often used for microwave connections or base stations for mobile phones (e.g., radio coverage of a
valley)

y y z
directed
x z x antenna

side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

z
z

x
sectorized
x antenna

top view, 3 sector top view, 6 sector


Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range
 communication possible
 low error rate

Detection range
 detection of the signal
possible
 no communication
sender
possible
Interference range transmission
 signal may not be distance
detected detection
 signal adds to the
background noise interference
Signal propagation

Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)


Receiving power proportional to 1/d²
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
 fading (frequency dependent)
 shadowing
 reflection at large obstacles
 refraction depending on the density of a medium
 scattering at small obstacles
 diffraction at edges

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction


Multipath propagation

Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to reflection, scattering,
diffraction

multipath
LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender
signal at receiver

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time


 interference with “neighbor” symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted


 distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts
Effects of mobility

Channel characteristics change over time and location


 signal paths change
 different delay variations of different signal parts
 different phases of signal parts

 quick changes in the power received (short term fading)

Additional changes in
power long term
 distance to sender fading
 obstacles further away

 slow changes in the average power


received (long term fading)

t
short term fading

You might also like