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Lecture 19 - Chapter 28 - Part 1

The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying conductor. For a point charge q moving with velocity v, the magnetic field B is proportional to q, v, and the sine of the angle between v and the radius vector r. For a current element dl with current I, the magnetic field dB is proportional to I, dl, and the sine of the angle between dl and r, divided by r^2. Using the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field of an infinite straight wire with current I is circular around the wire with magnitude μ0I/2πr, while the field of a finite straight wire is calculated using the angles to

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52 views23 pages

Lecture 19 - Chapter 28 - Part 1

The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying conductor. For a point charge q moving with velocity v, the magnetic field B is proportional to q, v, and the sine of the angle between v and the radius vector r. For a current element dl with current I, the magnetic field dB is proportional to I, dl, and the sine of the angle between dl and r, divided by r^2. Using the Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field of an infinite straight wire with current I is circular around the wire with magnitude μ0I/2πr, while the field of a finite straight wire is calculated using the angles to

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Mircea Pantea
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 28

Magnetic Fields Due to Currents


Episode 1 – Biot-Savart law, fields of
moving charges and currents

Lecture 19 – July 2, 2021


1
Outline
 Magnetic field of a moving charge
 Magnetic field of a current carrying conductor
Infinitesimal Element (Biot-Savart law)
Straight wire
Circular loop
Solenoid (long, helical coil)
 Ampere’s law
 Force between two straight conductors

2
Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge
Experiments
  show that the magnitude of is also
proportional to |q| and to 1/𝑟 2 .

But the direction of is not along the line from source point to
field point.
Instead, is perpendicular to the plane containing this line and
the particle’s velocity vector.
 

𝑟
 ⃗
 𝜃 𝑣
 ⃗
𝑟
 ⃗

3
Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge
The field magnitude B is also proportional to the particle’s
speed v and to the sine of the angle 𝜃.
Thus the magnetic field magnitude at point P is given by

𝑞 𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝜇0
𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟2

4
Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge

𝑞 𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝜇0
𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟2

Here we recognize the magnitude of a cross product . We


just need to “fix it” a little:
  𝜇0 𝑞 ( ⃗𝑣 × 𝑟^ )
𝐵=
⃗
2
4𝜋 𝑟

If we have more than one charge, the field will be the sum of the
contributions for each charge. And this is what we have if we want the field
of a current in a conductor.
5
Right hand rule for finding the
direction of the magnetic field

Option 1 – use the same RHR as used for any


cross product.

Option 2 – use the rule as explained in the


figure.

The result is the same.

6
Example: Two Positrons Travel Together

Two
  positrons are travelling into the screen with a velocity
What are the forces acting on each positron?

FCoulomb FGravity FGravity FCoulomb

r1
B
7
Two Positrons Travel Together

At some point later: If FM > FC, r2 < r1


If FM < FC, r2 > r1

FCoulomb FGravity FGravity FCoulomb

FMagnetism
r B
FMagnetism 8
Magnetic Field due to a Current

The moving charge in the


element dl is 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴𝑑𝑙

The current is
𝐼 = 𝑛|𝑞|𝑣𝐴

9
Magnetic Field due to a Current
The magnetic field at P due to
a small element of the current
distribution is

This is the Biot-Savart law.

Note: The denominator is r3 and not r2 due to r in the numerator


being a vector not a unit vector. 10
Biot-Savart law – units

I is in amperes, dl and r
are in meters and dB will
be in tesla.

0 = 4 × 10–7 N·s2/C2 or Wb/(A·m) or T·m/A.


0 is called the (vacuum) magnetic permeability
(eo is the electric permittivity) 00 = 1/ c 2
11
Magnetic Field due to a Current
This is a vector

1. The magnitude of the magnetic field is

2. The direction of the magnetic field is given again by the RHR


And again you have two options: use the RHR for cross
product (rotate ds over r) or use the rule as on the next slide)
12
Moving Charge Current

13
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire
Now we will use the Biot-Savart law to find the field of
finite conductors. And we’ll start with a straight wire.

14
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire

′
𝑑𝑓
  ( 𝑥 )=𝑓 𝑑𝑥

15
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire

16
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire

If the wire is infinite,



sin 2  1 and sin 1  1

so that B
0i 2
0i
4 R 17
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire
If the wire is finite use the values of
the angles obtained from the geometry
of the problem.

For example, you could use:


s2 s1
sin 2  and sin 1
s22  R2  s1 2  R2
where s is measured in the direction of the current from the
point on the wire closest to P (s may be negative).

18
Summary (so far)

Biot-Savart Law for a Point Charge:

Biot-Savart Law for a current element:

Infinite wire: Finite wire:


  𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵= (sin ( 𝜙 1 ) − sin ( 𝜙2 ) )
  𝜇0 𝑖 4𝜋 𝑅
𝐵= 𝑠𝑛
2𝜋 𝑅 sin 𝜙� =
� 𝑠�2 + 𝑅 19
2
Magnetic Field Lines for a Straight Wire

The view of the wire


from "one end” of the
wire, with the current
into the page.

20
Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire

The right hand rule gives the


direction of the magnetic field
lines. Point the thumb along the
current direction and the fingers
of the right hand curl in the
direction of the magnetic field.

21
Magnetic Field of two (or more) Wires

The two magnetic fields


B2 are added vectorially
B1
(using components, for
r1 r2 example).
i1 i2
The fields due to each
wire are:

0 i1 0 2
B1  B2 
2i  1 2 2
22
23

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