CS 2073

Computer Programming w/ Eng.

Applications
Ch 2

Simple C Programs

Turgay Korkmaz
Office: SB 4.01.13
Phone: (210) 458-7346
Fax: (210) 458-4437
e-mail: [email protected]
web: www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz

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 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 3

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2.1 Program Structure

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/*-----------------------------------------*/ Comments
/* Program chapter1_1 */
Preprocessor,
/* This program computes the */
/* distance between two points. */ standard C library
#include <stdio.h> every C program must
#include <math.h> have main function, this
one takes no parameters
int main(void) and it returns int value
{ {  begin
/* Declare and initialize variables. */
double x1=1, y1=5, x2=4, y2=7, Variable declarations,
side_1, side_2, distance; initial values (if any)

/* Compute sides of a right triangle. */ Statements

side_1 = x2 - x1; must end with ;
side_2 = y2 - y1;
distance=sqrt(side_1*side_1 + side_2*side_2); indentation
/* Print distance. */ indentation
printf("The distance between the two " indentation
"points is %5.2f \n", distance);
return 0
return 0; /* Exit program. */
}  end of function
} 4
/*-----------------------------------------*/
 General Form
preprocessing directives
 The main function contains
two types of commands:
int main(void)
declarations and statements
{  Declarations and statements
declarations are required to end with a
statements semicolon (;)
}  Preprocessor directives do not
end with a semicolon
 To exit the program, use a
return 0; statement
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 Another Program
/***************************************************/
/* Program chapter1
*/
/* This program computes the sum of two numbers */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* Declare and initialize variables. */
double number1 = 473.91, number2 = 45.7, sum;
/* Calculate sum. */
sum = number1 + number2;
/* Print the sum. */
printf(“The sum is %5.2f \n”, sum);

system("pause"); /* keep DOS window on the screen*/

return 0; /* Exit program. */
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}
 2.2 Constants and Variables
 What is a variable in math?
f(x) = x2+x+4
 In C,
 A variable is a memory location that holds a value
 An identifier or variable name is used to reference
a memory location.

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Memory
double x1=1,x2=7,distance;
name address Memory - content

…
11 How many memory cells
does your computer have?
x1 12 1 = 00000001
Say it says 2Gbyte memory?
x2 13 7 = 00000111 1K=103 or 210 = 1024
1M=106 or 220 = 10242
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1G=109 or 230 = 10243
distance 15 ? = 01001101
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…
Memory Snapshot

Name Addr Content

x1 1
y1 5
x2 4
y2 7
side_1 ?
side_2 ?
distance ?

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 Rules for selecting a valid
identifier (variable name)
 Must begin with an alphabetic character or
underscore (e.g., abcABC_)
 May contain only letters, digits and
underscore (no special characters ^%@)
 Case sensitive (AbC, aBc are different)
 Cannot use C keywords as identifiers (e.g.,
if, case, while)

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Are the following valid identifiers?
 distance rate% initial_time
x_sum DisTaNce
 1x
switch X&Y
 x_1

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C Numeric Data Types

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Example Data-Type Limits

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 C Character Data Type: char
char result =‘Y’;
In memory, everything is stored as binary value, which can be interpreted
as char or integer. Examples of ASCII Codes

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 Memory
name address Memory - content
How to represent ‘a’ ?
char My_letter=‘a’;
0
int My_number = 97 My_letter 1 ‘a’= 01100001
Always we have 1’s and 0’s
in the memory. It depends My_number 2 97 = 01100001
on how you look at it?
For example, 01100001 is
3
97 if you look at it as int, or 4
‘a’ if you look at it as char
5 ? = 01001101
‘3’ is not the same as 3 6
How to represent 2.5?
… 15
Program to Print Values as
Characters and Integers

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 Constants
 A constant is a specific value that we use in our
programs. For example
3.14, 97, ‘a’, or “hello”
 In your program,
int a = 97;
a
char b =‘a’; 01100001
double area, r=2.0; 01100001 b
double circumference;
? area
area = 3.14 * r*r;
circumf
circumference = 2 * 3.14 * r; ? erence

2.0 r
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 Symbolic Constants
 What if you want to use a better estimate of ?
For example, you want 3.141593 instead of 3.14.
 You need to replace all by hand 
 Better solution, define  as a symbolic constant, e.g.
#define PI 3.141593
…
area = PI * r * r;
circumference = 2 * PI * r;
 Defined with a preprocessor directive
 Compiler replaces each occurrence of the directive
identifier with the constant value in all statements that
follow the directive
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 2.3 Assignment Statements
 Used to assign a value to a variable
 General Form:
identifier = expression;
/* ‘=‘ means assign expression to identifier */
 Example 1
double sum = 0;
0 sum
 Example 2
x
int x;
x=5;
5
 Example 3
char ch;
ch = ‘a’; ‘a’ ch

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Assignment examples (cont’d)
 Example 3
int x, y, z;
x 0
x = y = 0;
right to left! y 0 2 5
Z = 1+1; z 2
 Example 4
y=z;
y=5;

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 Assignment examples with
different types
int a, b=5; ? 2 a
double c=2.3; 5 b
…
2.3 5.0 c
a=c; /* data loss */
c=b; /* no data loss */

long double, double, float, long integer, integer, short integer, char
 Data may be lost. Be careful!
 No data loss 21
Exercise: swap
 Write a set of statements that swaps the
contents of variables x and y

x 3 x 5
y 5 y 3

Before After

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Exercise: swap
First Attempt
x=y;
y=x;

x 3 x 5 x 5
y 5 y 5 y 5

Before After x=y After y=x

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 Exercise: swap
Solution
temp= x;
x=y;
y=temp;

x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5
y 5 y 5 y 5 y 3
temp ? temp 3 temp 3 temp 3

Before after temp=x after x=y after y = temp

Will the following solution work, too? temp= y;
y=x;
x=temp;
Write a C program to swap the values of two variables 24
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 4

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 Arithmetic Operators
 Addition + sum = num1 + num2;
 Subtraction - age = 2007 – my_birth_year;
 Multiplication * area = side1 * side2;
 Division / avg = total / number;
 Modulus % lastdigit = num % 10;
 Modulus returns remainder of division between two integers
 Example 5%2 returns a value of 1
 Binary vs. Unary operators
 All the above operators are binary (why)
 - is an unary operator, e.g., a = -3 * -4

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Arithmetic Operators (cont’d)
 Note that ‘id = exp‘ means assign
the result of exp to id, so
 X=X+1 means
 first perform X+1 and
 Assign the result to X
4 X
 Suppose X is 4, and 5
 We execute X=X+1

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Integer division vs Real division
 Division between two integers results in an
integer.
 The result is truncated, not rounded
 Example:
int A=5/3;  A will have the value of 1
int B=3/6;  B will have the value of 0
 To have floating point values:
double A=5.0/3;  A will have the value of 1.666
double B=3.0/6.0;  B will have the value of 0.5

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 Implement a program that computes/prints
simple arithmetic operations

Declare a=2, b=5, c=7, d as int

Declare x=5.0, y=3.0, z=7.0, w as double
d = c%a Print d
d = c/a Print d
w = z/x Print w
d = z/x Print d
w = c/a Print w
a=a+1 Print a
… try other arithmetic operations too..
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Mixed operations and
Precedence of Arithmetic Operators

int a=4+6/3*2;  a=? a= 4+2*2 = 4+4 = 8

int b=(4+6)/3*2;  b=? b= 10/3*2 = 3*2= 6

5 assign = Right to left 30

 Extend the previous program to compute/print
mixed arithmetic operations

Declare a=2, b=5, c=7, d as int

Declare x=5.0, y=3.0, z=7.0, w as double
d = a+c%a Print d
d = b*c/a Print d
w = y*z/x+b Print w
d = z/x/y*a Print d
w = c/(a+c)/b Print w
a=a+1+b/3 Print a
… try other arithmetic operations too.. 31
Increment and Decrement Operators
 Increment Operator ++
post increment x++;
}

x=x+1;
 pre increment ++x;
 Decrement Operator --
post decrement x--;
}

x=x-1;
 pre decrement --x;

But, the difference is in the following example. Suppose x=10;

A = x++ - 5; means A=x-5; x=x+1; so, A= 5 and x=11
B =++x - 5; means x=x+1; B=x-5; so, B=6 and x=11
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Abbreviated Assignment Operator
operator example equivalent statement
+= x+=2; x=x+2;
-= x-=2; x=x-2;
*= x*=y; x=x*y;
/= x/=y; x=x/y;
%= x%=y; x=x%y;
!!! x *= 4+2/3  x = x*4+2/3 wrong
x=x*(4+2/3) correct
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Precedence of
Arithmetic Operators (updated)

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 Writing a C statement for a
given MATH formula
 Area of trapezoid
base * (height1  height2 )
area 
2

area = base*(height1 + height2)/2;

 How about this
2m1m2
Tension  g
m1  m2
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 Exercise
2m1m2
Tension  g
m1  m2
Tension = 2*m1*m2 / m1 + m2 * g; wrong

Tension = 2*m1*m2 / (m1 + m2) * g

 Write a C statement to compute the following
x 3  2 x 2  x  6.3
f  2
x  0.05 x  3.14
f = (x*x*x-2*x*x+x-6.3)/(x*x+0.05*x+3.14); 36
 Exercise: Arithmetic operations
 Show the memory snapshot after the ? a
following operations by hand
int a, b, c=5; ? b
double x, y;
a = c * 2.5; 5 c
b = a % c * 2 - 1;
x = (5 + c) * 2.5; ? x
y = x – (-3 * a) / 2;
? y
Write a C program and print out the values
of a, b, c, x, y and compare them with the
ones that you determined by hand.
a = 12 b = 3 c= 5 x = 25.0000 y = 43.0000 37
 Exercise: Arithmetic
operations
 Show how C will perform the following
statements and what will be the final
output?
int a = 6, b = -3, c = 2;
c= a - b * (a + c * 2) + a / 2 * b;
printf("Value of c = %d \n", c);

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Step-by-step show how C will
perform the operations

c = 6 - -3 * (6 + 2 * 2) + 6 / 2 * -3;
c = 6 - -3 * (6 + 4) + 3 * -3
c = 6 - -3 *10 + -9
c = 6 - -30 + -9
c = 36 + -9
c = 27
 output:
Value of c = 27

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 Step-by-step show how C will
perform the operations
int a = 8, b = 10, c = 4;
 
c = a % 5 / 2 + -b / (3 – c) * 4 + a / 2 * b;
 
printf("New value of c is %d \n", c);

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 Exercise: reverse a number
 Suppose you are given a number in the
range [100 999]
 Write a program to reverse it
 For example, int d1, d2, d3, num=258, reverse;
num is 258 d1 = num / 100;

reverse is 852 d2 = num % 100 / 10;

d3 = num % 10;
d1 = num / 100;
d3 = num % 10;
reverse = num – (d1*100+d3) +
reverse = d3*100 + d2*10 + d1;
d3*100 + d1;
printf(“reverse is %d\n”, reverse); 41
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 5

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2.4 Standard Input and Output
 Output: printf
 Input: scanf
 Remember the program computing the distance between
two points!
 /* Declare and initialize variables. */
 double x1=1, y1=5, x2=4, y2=7,
 side_1, side_2, distance;
 How can we compute distance for different points?
 It would be better to get new points from user, right? For
this we will use scanf
 To use these functions, we need to use
#include <stdio.h>

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Standard Output
 printf Function
 prints information to the screen
 requires two arguments
 control string
Conversion
 Contains text, conversion specifiers or both
Specifier
Identifier to be printed


 Example Control String

double angle = 45.5;
printf(“Angle = %.2f degrees \n”, angle);

Output:
Angle = 45.50 degrees
Identifier
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Conversion Specifiers for
Output Statements

Frequently Used

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 Standard Output
Output of -145 Output of 157.8926
Specifier Value Printed Specifier Value Printed
%i -145 %f 157.892600
%4d -145 %6.2f 157.89
%3i -145 %7.3f 157.893
%6i __-145 %7.4f 157.8926
%-6i -145__ %7.5f 157.89260
%8i ____-145 %e 1.578926e+02
%-8i -145____ %.3E 1.579E+02
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Exercise
int sum = 65;
double average = 12.368;
char ch = ‘b’;

Show the output line (or lines) generated by the following statements.

printf("Sum = %5i; Average = %7.1f \n", sum, average);

printf("Sum = %4i \n Average = %8.4f \n", sum, average);
printf("Sum and Average \n\n %d %.1f \n", sum, average);
printf("Character is %c; Sum is %c \n", ch, sum);
printf("Character is %i; Sum is %i \n", ch, sum);

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Exercise (cont’d)
 Solution
Sum = 65; Average = 12.4
Sum = 65
Average = 12.3680
Sum and Average

65 12.4
Character is b; Sum is A
Character is 98; Sum is 65

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 Standard Input
 scanf Function
 inputs values from the keyboard
 required arguments
control string


 memory locations that correspond to the specifiers in the

control string
 Example:
double distance;
char unit_length;
scanf("%lf %c", &distance, &unit_length);
 It is very important to use a specifier that is appropriate for the data
type of the variable

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Conversion Specifiers for
Input Statements

Frequently Used

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Exercise
float f;
int i;
scanf(“%f %i“, &f, &i);

 What will be the values stored in f and i after scanf statement if

following values are entered
12.5 1
12 45
12 23.2
12.1 10
12
1

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 Good practice
 You don’t need to have a printf before
scanf, but it is good to let user know what
to enter:
printf(“Enter x y : ”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &x, &y);
 Otherwise, user will not know what to do!
 What will happen if you forget & before
the variable name?
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Exercise: How to input two points
without re-compiling the program

printf(“enter x1 y1: “);

scanf(“%lf %lf“, &x1, &y1);
printf(“enter x2 y2: “);
scanf(“%lf %lf“, &x2, &y2);

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 Programming exercise
 Write a program  that asks user to enter
values for the double variables (a, b, c, d)
in the following formula. It then computes
the result (res) and prints it with three
digits after .

ab ac cb

res  
cd a b a c
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Exercise
 Study Section 2.5 and 2.6 from the
textbook

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 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 6

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Library Functions

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 2.7 Math Functions
#include <math.h>
fabs(x) Absolute value of x.

sqrt(x) Square root of x, where x>=0.

pow(x,y) Exponentiation, xy. Errors occur if

x=0 and y<=0, or if x<0 and y is not an integer.
ceil(x) Rounds x to the nearest integer toward  (infinity).
Example, ceil(2.01) is equal to 3.
floor(x) Rounds x to the nearest integer toward - (negative
infinity). Example, floor(2.01) is equal to 2.
exp(x) Computes the value of ex.
log(x) Returns ln x, the natural logarithm of x to the base e.
Errors occur if x<=0.
log10(x) Returns log10x, logarithm of x to the base 10.
Errors occur if x<=0.

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Trigonometric Functions

sin(x) Computes the sine of x, where x is in radians.

cos(x) Computes the cosine of x, where x is in radians
tan(x) Computes the tangent of x, where x is in radians.
asin(x) Computes the arcsine or inverse sine of x,
where x must be in the range [-1, 1].
Returns an angle in radians in the range [-/2,/2].
acos(x) Computes the arccosine or inverse cosine of x,
where x must be in the range [-1, 1].
Returns an angle in radians in the range [0, ].
atan(x) Computes the arctangent or inverse tangent of x. The
Returns an angle in radians in the range [-/2,/2].
atan2(y,x) Computes the arctangent or inverse tangent of the value
y/x. Returns an angle in radians in the range [-, ].

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Parameters or Arguments of a
function
 A function may contain no argument or contain one
or more arguments
 If more than one argument, list the arguments in the
correct order
 Be careful about the meaning of an argument. For
example, sin(x) assumes that x is given in radians, so
to compute the sin of 60 degree, you need to first
conver 60 degree into radian then call sin function:
#define PI 3.141593
theta = 60;
theta_rad = theata * PI / 180;
b = sin(theta_rad); /* is not the same as sin(theta); */

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Exercise
 Write an expression to compute velocity using the following
equation
 Assume that the variables are declared

velocity  vo 2  2a( x  xo)

velocity = sqrt(vo*vo+2*a*(x-xo));

velocity = sqrt(pow(vo,2)+2*a*(x-xo));

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 Exercise
 Write an expression to compute velocity using the following
equation
 Assume that the variables are declared

38.19(r  s ) sin a
3 3
center 
(r 2  s 2 )a
Make sure that a is given in radian; otherwise, first convert it to radian

center = (38.19*(pow(r,3)-pow(s,3))*sin(a))/
((pow(r,2)-pow(s,2))*a);

center = (38.19*(r*r*r - s*s*s)*sin(a))/((r*r –s*s)*a);

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Exercise: Compute Volume
 Write a program to compute the volume
of a cylinder of radius r and height h

V  r h 2

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Solution: Compute Volume
Problem Solving Methodology
1. Problem Statement
2. Input/Output Description
3. Hand Example
4. Algorithm Development
5. Testing

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Solution: Compute Volume
(cont’d)
 Problem Statement
 compute the volume of a cylinder of radius r and
height h
 Input Output Description

radius r
volume v
height h

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Solution: Compute Volume
(cont’d)
 Hand example
 r=2, h =3, v=37.68
 Algorithm Development
 Read radius
 Read height
 Compute Volume V  r h
2

 Print volume
 Convert to a program (see next slide)
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Solution: Compute Volume
(coding)
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593
int main(void)
{
/* Declare Variables */
double radius, height, volume;
printf("Enter radius: "); scanf("%lf",&radius);
printf("Enter height: "); scanf("%lf",&height);

/* Compute Volune */
volume = PI*radius*radius*height;

/* Print volume */
printf("Volume = %8.3f \n", volume);
system("pause");
exit(0);
} 67
Exercise
 Write a program to find the radius of a circle
given its area. Read area from user. Compute
radius and display it.

A  r 2

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 Exercise
A Write a program that asks user to
enter A in degrees, a and b in cm,
b then computes
c B=? in degrees
C=? in degrees
c=? in cm
B a C
area=? in cm2
For example, given A=36o, a=8 cm, b=5 cm:
a b c B=21.55o, C=122.45o, c=11.49 cm
 
sin A sin B sin C
1 1 1
area  ab sin C  ac sin B  bc sin A
2 2 2 69
Write a program that finds the
intersection of two lines and the
angle between them
 See handout
=0
C
y+
1

x+B 1
A1
A2 x+B
2 y+C =
2 0

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 2.8 Character Functions
#include <ctype.h>

putchar(‘a’);
C= getchar();
toupper(ch) If ch is a lowercase letter, this function returns the
corresponding uppercase letter; otherwise, it returns ch
isdigit(ch) Returns a nonzero value if ch is a decimal digit; otherwise, it
returns a zero.
islower(ch) Returns a nonzero value if ch is a lowercase letter; otherwise,
it returns a zero.
isupper(ch) Returns a nonzero value if ch is an uppercase letter;
otherwise, it returns a zero.
isalpha(ch) Returns a nonzero value if ch is an uppercase letter or a
lowercase letter; otherwise, it returns a zero.
isalnum(ch) Returns a nonzero value if ch is an alphabetic character or a
numeric digit; otherwise, it returns a zero.
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Exercise
What is the output of the following program

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch1='a', ch2;
char ch3='X', ch4;
char ch5='8';
ch2 = toupper(ch1);
printf("%c %c \n",ch1,ch2);
ch4 = tolower(ch3);
printf("%c %c \n",ch3,ch4);
printf("%d\n",isdigit(ch5));
printf("%d\n",islower(ch1));
printf("%d\n",isalpha(ch5));
system("pause");
return(0);
} 72
Skip
 Study Section 2.9 from the textbook
 Skip Section 2.10

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