Business Mathematics

Unit 1:Permutation and Combination

BBA: First Semester

Pokhara University
 Fundamental Principles of Counting
• Multiplication principles of counting: If an event A can occur in ‘m’ ways and if
following it, second event can occur in ‘n’ ways, then the two events A and B in
succession can occur (m x n) ways.
• Example: let Ram has 3 paints (different colour) and 2 shirts (different colours) in how
many different ways can he wear these paints and shirts.

Shirts Combination
Paints
𝑆  1 𝑃  1 𝑆 1
𝑃 𝑆  2 𝑃  1 𝑆 2
  1
𝑆  1 𝑃  2 𝑆 1
𝑃 This is equals to 3 x 2 = 6 ways
Ram   2 𝑆  2 𝑃  2 𝑆 2
𝑆  1 𝑃  3 𝑆 1
𝑃
  3
𝑆  2 𝑃  3 𝑆 2
 Contd…
• Addition Principle: If two events A and B do not occur simultaneously
and if the first event A occurs in ‘m’ different ways and second event
in ‘n’ different ways, then one or other occur in (m + n) ways.
• For example: Let there are four bus routes and 3 train routes between
two cities. A person can go from city 1 to city 2 by any one of the 4
bus routes or any one of the 3 train routes. Thus, there are 4 + 3 = 7
ways by which the person can travel from one city to another city.
Combination
Contd…
Contd…
 Assignment
• Permutation
Contd…
• Assignment: Combination
Contd…
 Contd…
g. Solution (iii) At least one ladies
(g) No of gentle man = 6 no of ladies = 4 and a Ladies Gentle man Selection Total
committee of 5 have to be formed 1 4 60+120+60+6
2 3 = 246
(i) Exactly 2 ladies 3 2
4 1

Ladies Gentle man Selection (iv) Ladies majority

2 3
Ladies Gentle man Selection Total
4 1 6+60= 66
(ii) At most 2 ladies 3 2
(v) Gentleman's majority

Ladie Gentle Selection Total

s man Gentle man Ladies Selection Total
2
2 3
3 120+60+6
120+60+6 == 186
186
1 4 5 0 6+60 +120
1 4 4 1 = 186
0
0 5
5 3 2
 Assignment: Permutation
•   How
1. many ways can 6 passengers sit in a compartment having 15 vacant seats? [Ans: P(15, 6) =
3603600]
Solution n = 15, r = 6 then total number of ways =
2. If 5 people enter a bus in which there are 8 vacant seats, in how many ways can they take their seats.
[Ans: P(8, 5) = 6720]
3. If , find the value of n. [Ans: 5]
4. If find the value of n. [Ans: 5]
5. How many numbers of plates of vehicles consisting of 4 different digits be made out of integers 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9? [Ans: P(6, 4) = 360]
6. How many numbers between 4000 and 5000 can be formed with the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7? How many of
these numbers are divisible by 5? [Ans: 60 & 12]
7. There are 5 black balls, 4 white balls and 3 yellow balls. In how many ways can be arranged in a row?
[Ans: ]
8. How many different words can be formed from the letters of the word ‘LAUGHTERS’ using (i) all the
letters at a time (ii) 4 letters at a time. [Ans (i) P(9, 9) = 362880 (ii) 3024]
9. How many words can be formed from the letters in the word ‘COSTING’, the vowels not be separated?
[Ans: P(6, 6) = 720 and 720 x 2 = 1440]
Contd…
 • 6. How many numbers between
4000 and 5000 can be formed with
the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7? How many
•  of these numbers are divisible by 5?
[Ans: 60 & 12]
• The number formed must lie in
between 4000 and 5000 so each
number must contain 4 digits and
starts from the 4.
• n=6-1, r= 4-1
• n= 5 or -4 • Therefore =
• Therefore n = 5 • Again, n = n = 6 – 2 = 4, r = 4-2 = 2
• Therefore =
 Contd…
•many
10.
  In begins
how many ways can the letters of word ‘SUNDAY’ be arranged? How many of these arranged begins with S? how
with S and do not end with Y? [Ans: P(6, 6) = 720, P(5, 5) = 120, P(4, 4) = 24 and 120 – 24 = 96]
Solution: total number of arrangements = ways.
If the arrangement begins with S, we fix S, then remaining 5 letters can be arranged in =
If the arrangements begins with S and end with Y, we fix S and Y, then n = 6 – 2= 4. then total number of arrangements
= ways
Total number of arrangement begins with S and do not end with Y = 120 – 24 = 96 ways.
11. In haw many ways can 6 people be seated in a row of 6 seats so that two particular persons always come together?
Solution: since 2 people come together, so we consider 2 people as one. Then n = 5, r = 5 then = . The 2 people can
interchange their positions in 2 ways. Total number of arrangements = 120 x 2 = 240.
12. In how many ways can 5 girls and 3 boys stand in a row so that all the boys stand together. [Ans: 720 x 6 = 4320]
Solution: no. of girls = 5, no. of boys = 3. if all 3 boys and stand together we consider 3 boys as one. Then n = 5 + 1 = 6
and r = 6 then ways. Again 3 boys can be arranged in ways. The total number of arrangements = 720 x 6 = 4320 ways.
 Assignment: Combination

•   If find the value of ‘r’ and . [Ans: r = 8 & 165]

(1)
(2) If 336 and 56 find the value of ‘n’ and ‘r’. [Ans: r = 3 & n = 8]
(3) If Find the value of ‘x’. [Ans: (1/r!)
(4) In an question paper of an examination 12 questions were asked and the students had
to give the answer of 8 questions. In how many ways can students select the questions.
[Ans: C(12, 8) = 495]
(5) In an entrance test, 22 questions are set. In how many ways can you choose 18
questions to answer? [Ans: C(22, 18) = 7315]
(6) How many different committees of 7 members may be formed from 8 Nepalese and 4
Chinese? [Ans: C(12, 7)= 792]
(9) A committee is to be chosen from 12 men and 8 women and is to consists of 3 men
and 2 women, how many committees can be formed? [Ans: C(12, 3) x C(8, 2) = 220 x 28 =
6160]
(10) In how many ways can a committee of 5 members be selected from 6 men and 5
women consisting of 3 men and 2 women. [Ans: C(6, 3) x C(5, 2) = 20 x 10 = 200]
 Contd…
(11) Prashanta has got 15 friends of whom 10 are relatives. In how many way can he invite
9 guests so that 7 of them be his relatives? [Ans: C(10, 7) x C(5, 2) = 120 x 10 = 1200]
(12) From 6 gentle man and 4 ladies, a committee of 5 is to be formed. In how many ways
can this be done so as to include (a) at least one lady (b) at most 2 ladies (c) exactly 2
ladies? [Ans: a. C(4, 1) xC(6, 4) + C(4, 2) xC(6, 3) + C(4, 3) xC(6, 2)+ C(4, 4) xC(6, 1) = 246 b.
C(4, 2) xC(6, 3) + C(4, 1) xC(6, 4) + C(4, 0) xC(6, 5) = 186 c. C(4, 2) xC(6, 3) = 120]
(13) A bag contains 8 red balls and 5 blue balls, in how many ways can 3 red balls and 4 blue
balls be drawn? [Ans: C(8, 3) xC(5, 4) = 280]
(14) In an examination question paper 9 questions were asked. In how many different ways
can a student choose 5 questions to answer? If question number 9 is made compulsory, in
how many ways can student select to answer 5 questions in all? [Ans: C(9, 5) = 126 & C(8, 4)
= 70]
(15) Dilip has 5 friends. In how many ways can he invite one or more of them to launch?
[Ans: C(5, 1)+C(5, 2) +C(5, 3) + C(5, 4) + C(5, 5) = 31]
(16) In how many ways can four students be selected out of twelve students if (a) 2
particular students are not included at all (b) 2 particular students are included. [Ans: a.
C(10, 4) = 210 b. C(10, 2) = 45]