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Basic Structure of Computers: Module 1: Chapter 1

This document discusses the basic structure of computers. It begins by providing an example of calculating the total time required to execute a program with 1000 instructions on a 1 GHz machine. It then discusses ways to increase clock rate through improved integrated circuit technology or reducing processing per basic step. Finally, it discusses performance measurement using benchmark programs from SPEC and calculating SPEC ratings based on running times on a reference computer versus the computer being tested.

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yashu J
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35 views

Basic Structure of Computers: Module 1: Chapter 1

This document discusses the basic structure of computers. It begins by providing an example of calculating the total time required to execute a program with 1000 instructions on a 1 GHz machine. It then discusses ways to increase clock rate through improved integrated circuit technology or reducing processing per basic step. Finally, it discusses performance measurement using benchmark programs from SPEC and calculating SPEC ratings based on running times on a reference computer versus the computer being tested.

Uploaded by

yashu J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1 : Chapter 1

BASIC STRUCTURE OF
COMPUTERS

Ms. Yashaswini Jogi


CSE Dept.
SMVITM
2 10/9/2020

Example 1:
A program contains 1000 instructions. Out of that 25%
instructions requires 4 clock cycles,40% instructions requires 5
clock cycles and remaining require 3 clock cycles for execution.
Find the total time required to execute the program running in a
1 GHz machine.
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Clock Rate
 Increase clock rate
 Improve the integrated-circuit (IC) technology to make the
circuits faster
 Reduce the amount of processing done in one basic step
(however, this may increase the number of basic steps
needed)
 Increases in R that are entirely caused by improvements
in IC technology affect all aspects of the processor’s
operation equally except the time to access the main
memory.
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Performance Measurement
 T is difficult to compute.
 Measure computer performance using benchmark programs.
 System Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) selects and
publishes representative application programs for different
application domains, together with test results for many
commercially available computers.
 Compile and run (no simulation)
 Reference computer

Running time on the reference computer


SPEC rating 
Running time on the computer under test
n 1
SPEC rating  ( SPECi ) n

i 1
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Thank you

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