ECE3013 – LINEAR INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS

MODULE-IV

COMPARATORS & WAVEFORM

GENERATORS

Dr. S.UMADEVI
Associate Professor, SENSE,
VIT Chennai
 Module-IV

COMPARATORS AND WAVEFORM GENERATORS

Comparator – zero crossing detector, schmitt trigger, free-running,
one-shot Multivibrators, sine wave generators- Barkhausen
Criterion ,phase-shift, wein-bridge oscillators, Square/Triangular,
saw-tooth wave Function Generator
COMPARATORS

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 COMPARATORS
 An op-amp amplifier in the open loop configuration operates in a non-
linear manner

 There are a number of applications of op-amp in this mode such as

comparators, detectors, limiters.

 Comparators is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one

input of an op-amp with a known reference voltage at the other input.

 It is basically an open loop op-amp with output Vsat

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COMPARATORS

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 COMPARATORS
 There are two types of comparators;
(i). Non-inverting comparator
(ii). Inverting comparator

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COMPARATORS

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COMPARATORS

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COMPARATORS
Inverting comparator

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COMPARATORS

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 COMPARATORS
 Some important applications of comparators;

(i). Zero cross detector

(ii). Window detector

(iii). Time marker generator

(iv). Phase detector

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COMPARATORS
Zero cross detector

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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FREE RUNNING
OSCILLATOR

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR
 A multivibrator is a circuit that oscillates between two states (“HIGH” and
“LOW”) to produce a continuous output.

 There are three types of multivibrator: astable (free-running), monostable

(one-shot), and bistable (flip-flop). There are many ways of implementing each
type, and many variants.
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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
MULTIVIBRATOR TYPES

 Astable – A free-running multivibrator that has NO stable states but switches

continuously between two states this action produces a train of square wave
pulses at a fixed frequency.

 Monostable – A one-shot multivibrator that has only ONE stable state and is

triggered externally with it returning back to its first stable state.

 Bistable – A flip-flop that has TWO stable states that produces a single pulse

either positive or negative in value.

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Op-amps with positive feedback can be made to operate as multivibrators. In the
op-amp multivibrator circuit the op-amp works as an analogue comparator.

 An op-amp comparator compares the voltages on its two inputs and gives a
positive or negative output depending on whether the input is greater or less than
some reference value Vref.

 The Op-amp Multivibrator is an astable oscillator circuit that generates a

rectangular output waveform using an RC timing network connected to the
inverting input of the operational amplifier and a voltage divider network
connected to the other non-inverting input.

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 The astable multivibrator using an op amp comprises two main sections.
(i). Feedback:  
(ii). Hysteresis:  

 Feedback: This section of the amplifier provides frequency dependent

feedback and controls the rate at which the capacitor charges and discharges.

 It plays a major pert in determining the frequency of operation. It is governed

by the capacitor C1 and the resistor R1. It is applied to the negative input
terminal of the op amp.

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Hysteresis:   The hysteresis section of the astable multivibrator is formed by
the resistors R2 and R3.

 These resistors effectively form a Schmitt trigger and enable the circuit to
switch between the two states at different voltages for the positive going and
negative going voltages on the inverting input.

 The switch voltages determined by the resistors determine also have an effect
on the frequency because it takes less time for C1 to charge to a lower voltage
for switching than a larger one.

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Assume that the capacitor is fully discharged and the output of the op-amp is
saturated at the positive supply rail. The capacitor, C starts to charge up from
the output voltage, Vout through resistor, R at a rate determined by
their RC time constant.

 However, as soon as the capacitors charging voltage at the op-amps inverting

(-) terminal is equal to or greater than the voltage at the non-inverting
terminal (the op-amps output voltage fraction divided between
resistors R1 and R2), the output will change state and be driven to the
opposing negative supply rail.

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 But the capacitor, which has been happily charging towards the positive
supply rail (+V(sat)), now sees a negative voltage, -V(sat) across its plates.

 This sudden reversal of the output voltage causes the capacitor to discharge
toward the new value of Vout at a rate dictated again by their RC time
constant.

 Once the op-amps inverting terminal reaches the new negative reference
voltage, -Vref at the non-inverting terminal, the op-amp once again changes
state and the output is driven to the opposing supply rail voltage, +V(sat).

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 The period of the output waveform is determined by the RC time constant of
the two timing components and the feedback ratio established by the R1,
R2 voltage divider network which sets the reference voltage level.

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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 FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR
APPLICATIONS
 As a result of their simplicity, astable multivibrators find applications in a
variety of different applications where square waves or timed intervals are
required.

 They have been used in frequency dividers as it is possible to lock them

to a frequency lower than a reference frequency.

 This principle was used in many items of electronic equipment from

televisions where the line and frame oscillators were able to synchronize
to pulses in the video signal.
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EXAMPLE-1
 An op-amp multivibrator is constructed using the following
components. R1 = 35kΩ,R2 = 30kΩ, R = 50kΩ and C = 0.01uF. Calculate the circuits
frequency of oscillation.

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

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FREE RUNNING OSCILLATOR

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 ONE-SHOT
MULTIVIBRATOR

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ONE SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR
Monostable multivibrator

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ONE SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR
Monostable multivibrator

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ONE SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR
Monostable multivibrator

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ONE SHOT MULTIVIBRATOR
Monostable multivibrator

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 SINE WAVE
GENERATORS

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SINE WAVE GENERATOR

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SINE WAVE GENERATOR TYPES

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BARKHAUSEN
CRITERION

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BARKHAUSEN CRITERION

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PHASE SHIFT
OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE
OSCILLATOR

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 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

 Generally in an oscillator, amplifier stage produces 180º phase shift and

feedback network introduces an additional 180º phase shift to obtain a total
of 360º shift

 This is a required condition for any oscillator, but for wien bridge oscillator
uses a non-inverting amplifier hence does not provide any phase shift during
amplifier stage.

 As total phase shift required is 0º or 360º,, so no phase shift is required at

feedback stage. Thus the total phase shift around loop is 0º.

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

 The output of an amplifier is applied between the terminal 1 and 3 which is

the input to the feedback network

 While the amplifier input is supplied from the diagonal terminal 2 and 4,
which is the output of the feedback network. Thus amplifier supplied its own
input through the wien bridge as a feedback network.

 The two arm of the bridge namely R1, C1 and R2, C2 in parallel are called
frequency sensitive arms. Because the components of these two arms decides
the frequency of the oscillator

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 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
 As seen earlier input Vin is applied to the feedback network between 1 and 3
terminals while output Vf of the feedback network between 2 and 4.

 This feedback network is called lead-lag network because at low frequency it

acts like a lead while at high frequency it act like a lag network.

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
4.0V

0V

G=3
-4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(R5:2)
Time

4.0V

0V

G = 2.9 -4.0V
0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms
V(R5:2)
Time

20V

0V

G = 3.05 -20V
0s 100us 200us 300us 400us 500us 600us
V(R5:2)
Time

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE
GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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PROBLEMS

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THANK YOU

by vi
a de
U m