HUMAN

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
BY RUHAN SHUKLA
CLASS 10TH A
 ALIMENTARY CANAL

 The alimentary canal is a muscular hollow continuous tubular organ that

starts at the mouth and terminates at the anus and is responsible for the
digestion and absorption of the ingested food and liquids.
 Perzstalsis movement – It is the contraction and relaxation of circular muscle
of alimentary canal which help food to pass down from one digestive organ to
another digestive organ.
 The alimentary canal mainly consists of Mouth, Bucal Cavity, Oesophagus ,
Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine and lastly anus.
 THE BUCAL CAVITY

 The mouth cavity mainly consists of tounge, teeth and salivary gland.
 TOUNGE – It contains taste buds, which helps us in tasting food.
 It also helps in tasting food.
 It also helps us in speaking process.
 TEETH – There are basically 4 type ot teeth.
 Incisors – They basically help in biting food.
 Canines - They are your sharpest teeth, used for tearing apart food.
 Premolars - Premolars are used for tearing and crushing food.
 Molars  Have a large flat biting surface which makes them perfect for this
job.
 SALIVARY GLAND

 Salivary gland secrets saliva.

 Salivary gland basically secrets saliva.
 Saliva keeps the mouth cavity clean and moisten the food for breaking and
chewing the big pieces of food into smaller molecules.
 The saliva secrets salivary amylase [It is an enzyme which helps in
breakdown of starch and glucose.]
 It consists of water, lysozomes [ they kill the germs present in our food]
 Starch gets converted into maltose and dextrin with the help of salivary
amylase.
 OESOPHAGUS AND PHARYNX
 Pharynx – It provides a common passage for food as well as air. It is the part
of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the oesophagus
and trachea.

 Oesophagus – It is a kind of a muscular tube which carries food from

pharynx to stomach. It is also called GI track [ gastro intestinal track] When
you swallow food, the walls of the oesophagus squeeze together.
 STOMACH

 Stomach. It is a muscular bag, positioned at the upper left part of

the abdominal cavity. It has four parts- cardiac, fundus, body and
pyloric portion. It is also called a J shaped organ.
 Cardiac portion of stomach – It is present below the oesophagus. It contains
cardiac sphincter which prevents the food from going back to the
oesophagus. It is basically a thin ring of muscle that stop stomach contents to
go back to the oesophagus.
 Fundus part of the stomach – It basically stores the undigested food and
gases. The food remains here before getting mixed with the chyme.
 Chyme – It basically consists of gastric juices and partly digested food.
FUNDUS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF STOMACH.
 STOMACH

 BODY PART OF STOMACH - The abdomen (colloquially called the belly,

tummy, midriff or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest)
and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the
front part of the abdominal segment of the trunk.

 PYLORIC PORTION OF STOMACH – The pyloric portion of stomach

mainly consists of a sphincter muscles which regulates the exit of food from
stomach to the small intestine.
 MAIN SECRETIONS OF GASTRIC GLANDS ARE AS FOLLOWS
 HCl , PEPSINOGEN [ ENZYME ] , MUCOUS, RENIN [ ENZYME]
SECRETIONS OF GASTRIC GLAND

 HCl – It kills the germs present inside food.  It helps to destroy bacteria, as
well as other harmful species. HCl converts pepsinogen which is not active
into pepsin to metabolize proteins in our stomach.
 MUCUS - Slimy substance. It is present around the stomach. It is also
responsible for the formation of a protective layer over the lining epithelium
of the stomach cavity.
 PEPSINOGEN – It is basically the protein digesting enzyme of the body.
 Pepsinogen with the help of acidic medium of HCl gets converted into
PEPSIN. This pepsin further divides protein into peptides.
 RENIN – It is the milk digesting enzyme. [Production of renin is more in kids
and less in old people.]
 LIVER

 Liver – It is the largest gland of the body.

 It also produces bile juice for the digestion of fats. It directly secrets bile juice
into the small intestine with the help of bile duct.
 Therefore digestion of fats directly takes place in the small intestine.
 Gall Bladder – It stores the bile juice.
 Bile juice – It is responsible for emulsification off fats.
 Fat is insoluble in water. So the large fat globules gets converted into small
fat globules with the help off bile juice.
 Emulsification – It is the process of converting large fat globules into small
fat globules.
 SMALL INTESTINE

 It is the longest part of the alimentary canal.

 It is a site of complete digestion and absorption.
 The walls of the small intestine make digestive juices, or enzymes, that work
together with enzymes from the liver and pancreas to do this.
 The small intestine has 3 parts - DUODENUM, JEJENUM AND THE
ILEUM.
 DUODENUM - The duodenum is the first and shortest segment of the small
intestine. It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the
stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in
preparation for absorption in the small intestine
 SMALL INTESTINE

 JEJENUM - The jejunum, along with the other areas of the small intestine, is
responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.
The jejunum is able to absorb these nutrients because it is lined with finger-
like projections that are called villi.

 ILEUM – It receives the food from the jejenum and then passes it to the large
intestine. It continues the process of absorption via the intestinal wall villi,
absorbing any products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
This includes vitamin B12, bile salts, and more.
 PANCREAS

 PANCREAD – They are present below the stomach.

 Liver and pancreas are known as heterocrine glands which mean they are both
exocrine and endocrine glands.
 TYPISN IS AN ENZYME WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE PANCREAS FOR
THE DIGESTION OF PROTEIN. SO PROTEIN WITH THE HELP OF TYPISN
IS CONVERTED INTO PEPTIDES.
 PANCREAS ALSO RELEASE PANCREATIC AMYLASE WHICH CONVERT
STARCH INTO INTO MALTOSE AND DEXTRIN.
 LIPASE AN ENZYME IS USED TO DIGEST FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL.
  The complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results in three fatty
acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.
 TRIGLYCERIDE - Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood.
 WALL OF INTESTINE

 THE WALL OF INTESTINE SECRETS

INTESTINAL JUICE.
 PEPTIDES WITH THE
HELP OF INTESTINAL
JUICE GETS CONVERTED INTO AMMINO
ACIDS.
 SIMILARLY INTESTINAL JUICE
GETS
CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE AND
FRUCTOSE.
 LARGE INTESTINE

 The large intestine has 3 functions

Absorption of water and vitamins from the digested foods
 Formation of faeces/stool from the undigested food.
 THE LARGE INTESTINE ALSO 3 PARTS
 CAECUM – IT IS THE NON FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LARGE INTESTINE.
 COLON - ITS FUNCTION IS TO REABSORB FLUID AND PROCESS WASTE
PRODUCTS FROM THE BODY AND PREPARE FOR ITS ELIMINATION.
 RECTUM - THE RECTUM ACTS AS A TEMPORARY STORAGE SITE FOR FECES. AS
THE RECTAL WALLS EXPAND DUE TO THE MATERIALS FILLING IT FROM WITHIN,
STRETCH RECEPTORS FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM LOCATED IN THE RECTAL
WALLS STIMULATE THE DESIRE TO DEFECATE.
 ANUS

 IT IS THE POSTERIOR OPENING OF OUR

BODY.
 IT IS
REGULATED BY THE SPHINCTER
MUSCLE.
 THIS
IS THE PLACE FROM WHICH THE
UNDIGESTED FOOD IS REMOVED FROM
THE BODY.
THANK YOU