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A Reciprocal Lattice Is in An Imaginary Reciprocal Space That Relates To The Corresponding Crystal Lattice in Real Space

X-ray diffraction methods use Bragg's law and reciprocal lattices to analyze crystal structures. A reciprocal lattice exists in reciprocal space and is defined by vectors that are inversely proportional to the real space lattice vectors. It represents the diffraction pattern of a crystal, with diffraction spots occurring at points where the Bragg condition is satisfied. The relationship between the real space crystal structure and its reciprocal lattice is illustrated using the Ewald sphere construction, which graphically shows how diffraction occurs according to Bragg's law.

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Zahir Rayhan Jhon
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60 views9 pages

A Reciprocal Lattice Is in An Imaginary Reciprocal Space That Relates To The Corresponding Crystal Lattice in Real Space

X-ray diffraction methods use Bragg's law and reciprocal lattices to analyze crystal structures. A reciprocal lattice exists in reciprocal space and is defined by vectors that are inversely proportional to the real space lattice vectors. It represents the diffraction pattern of a crystal, with diffraction spots occurring at points where the Bragg condition is satisfied. The relationship between the real space crystal structure and its reciprocal lattice is illustrated using the Ewald sphere construction, which graphically shows how diffraction occurs according to Bragg's law.

Uploaded by

Zahir Rayhan Jhon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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X-ray Diffraction Methods

Reciprocal Lattice
 Bragg’s law indicates that the angles of diffraction are inversely
proportional to the spacing of the reflecting planes in the crystal lattice.

 In order to analyse a diffraction pattern it is therefore helpful to establish


a three-dimensional coordinate system in which the axes have the
dimensions of inverse length (nm-1). Such a system of coordinates is
referred to as reciprocal space.

 A crystallographic plane (hkl) is represented as a light spot of


constructive interference when the Bragg conditions are satisfied.
Such diffraction spots of various crystallographic planes in a crystal
form a three-dimensional array that is the reciprocal lattice of the
crystal.
 A reciprocal lattice is in an imaginary reciprocal space that relates to the
corresponding crystal lattice in real space.

 Reciprocal Lattice bi can be defined for every direct space lattice ai


(a, b and c) by

b1 = (a2 X a3) / (a1 . a2 X a3) ……


Lecture 4
 A direction in the crystal lattice is defined by a vector ruvw with unit vectors a, b,
and c in real space

 A direction can be defined in reciprocal lattice by a vector d∗hkl with the


reciprocal unit vectors a*, b*, and c* in reciprocal space
Equ-2.7

 A dimension in reciprocal space is a reciprocal of the dimension in real space


(with a factor of unity). The magnitude of a vector d∗hkl in a reciprocal lattice
equals the reciprocal of plane spacing (dhkl ) in real space.

Equ-2.8
X-ray Diffraction Methods

Lecture 4
The relationship between a reciprocal lattice and its real crystal structure is
highlighted as follows:
Ewald Sphere

Bragg’s Law describes the necessary conditions to detect crystal planes by


diffraction.

The conditions can also be graphically expressed by the Ewald sphere method using
the concept of the reciprocal lattice.
The Ewald sphere is an imaginary sphere with a radius of 1/λ in reciprocal space.

Ewald sphere are equivalent to Bragg’s


Law,
Single crystal diffraction in TEM
 The electron wavelength in TEM is even shorter than X-rays (∼0.0037 nm with acceleration
voltage of 100 kV)
 For an incident beam with such a short wavelength (λ), the radius of the Ewald sphere (λ− 1)
is huge
 The surface of the Ewald sphere is flat compared with the unit vectors of the reciprocal
lattice for crystals
Ring type diffraction pattern in a polycrystalline
Materials

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