Object Oriented Programming

using C++

STRUCTURES and
CLASSES
LECTURE-06

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 STRUCTURES
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WHAT IS A STRUCTURE?
A structure is an aggregate data structure used to keep
different pieces of information together as a single data
record

A structure is like an array except that each element can

have a different data type, and the elements in a structure
have names instead of subscript values

Consider storing students’ data: name, age, batch,

address, city, CGPA
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STRUCTURES
A struct holds data, like an array
Each unit of data in a struct is called a data member (or
member)
they are called “elements” in arrays
In a struct, each data member can have a different data
type
in arrays, the data type of each element is the same

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 Structures
 Structures hold data that belong together.
 Examples:
Student record: student id, name, major,
gender, start year, …
Bank account: account number, name,
currency, balance, …
Address book: name, address,
telephone number, …
 In database applications, structures are
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called records.
struct basics
 Example:
struct Date { The “Date” structure
int day;
int month; has 3 members,
int year; day, month & year.
} ;

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 ACCESSING COMPONENTS

 The members of a struct type variable are accessed with the dot (.) operator:
<struct-variable>.<member_name>;
• Use the name of the record
the name of the member
separated by a dot .
student.Id = 5;
cout << student.Id;
• The dot is called the member selector

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STRUCT BASICS

 Declaration of a variable of struct type:

Example:
StudentRecord Student1, Student2;

Name Name
Student1Id Gender Id Gender Student2

Dept Dept

Student1 and Student2 are variables of StudentRecord 8

type.
 STRUCT ASSIGNMENT

The values contained in one struct type

variable can be assigned to another variable of
the same struct type.

For example:

student1 = student2;

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 EXAMPLE
#include int main()
<iostream> { cout << " Manufacture \n";
using namespace Date manufact; cout << manufact.month
std; << “-" << manufact.day
Date expiration;
<<“- " <<
struct Date manufact.year<<endl;
{ manufact.month = 10;
int month; manufact.day = 20; cout << "Expiration \n";
int day; manufact.year = 2007; cout << expiration.month
int year; << “-" << expiration.day
}; expiration = manufact; <<“-" <<
expiration.year = expiration.year<<endl;
2009;
} 10
 MORE ON STRUCTURES

Structures can be hierarchical;

a member variable can be a structure itself:

struct Person
{
Date birthday;
int ID;
}
Person teacher;
teacher.birthday.month = 1;
teacher.ID = 152; 11
AGGREGATE OPERATIONS WITH
STRUCTURES

Limitations on aggregate operations

no I/O
cout << student1;
cin >> student1;

no arithmetic operations

student3 = student1 + student2;

no comparisons
if (student1 < student2)
cout << ...; 12
AGGREGATE OPERATIONS WITH
STRUCTURES

 struct variables must be compared member-wise.

 To compare the values of student and newStudent, you
must compare them member-wise, as follows:

if(student1.firstName == student2.firstName &&

student1.lastName == student2.lastName) ...

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ARRAYS OF STRUCTURES

An ordinary array: One type of data

0 1 2 … 98 99
 An array of structs: Multiple types of data in
each array element.

0 1 2 … 98 99 14
 ARRAYS OF RECORDS

First declare a struct (such as student)

Then specify an array of that type
Student stlist [50];

Access elements of the array, then members of the struct

How do we for (x = 0; x <50; x++)

print all the cout << stlist[x].name ;
name fields? 15
STRUCT VARIABLES AND
FUNCTIONS

 A struct variable can be passed as a parameter either

by value or by reference.
A function can return a value of the type struct

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 CLASSES
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CLASSES
A class is similar to a struct
A class is a specification of a group of objects that all
have the same essential properties
A variable of class type is known as object and the
operations on that type are called methods
Objects are made from classes, similar to the way that
objects are made from structs

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CLASS DECLARATION
Syntax

class ClassName
{
public:
Declarations of public
members
private:
Declarations of private
members
}; 19
CLASS BASICS
Simple class (Time)
Private and public
Data is private, functions are public
Data hiding (hidden from whom)
Protects unintentional mistakes (not security)
Defining objects
Calling member functions & accessing data
Objects as physical objects (car in a game, circle
on screen, bank account (each account is object
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of ACCOUNT class)
A CLASS EXAMPLE
class
CheckBook
Properties (data members)
balance, lastCheck, lastDeposit
Operations (methods)
setBalance
writeCheck
deposit
getBalance
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AN OBJECT IS AN INSTANCE OF A
CLASS
For example:
object
checkBook1
Balance: 50,000
Last check: 35,000
Last deposit: 20,500

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HOW THE MAIN PROGRAM USES A CLASS
OBJECT
The main program does not access the data
within a class object, usually
The main program only accesses the functions
of a class object
communication occurs by passing data as parameters
into the object’s function
the object passes data to the main program through its
return type

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 MAIN PROGRAM AND
OBJECT
Object

public: private:
functions data

Main
Program

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MAIN PROGRAM CALLS A FUNCTION IN
THE OBJECT
Object

public: private:
functions data

Main
Program

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THE FUNCTION ACCESSES
DATA
Object

public: private:
functions data

Main
Program

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FUNCTION RETURNS A VALUE
BACK TO THE MAIN PROGRAM
Object

public: private:
functions data

Main
Program

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