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Changes in Socio-Educational Problems

This document discusses social learning theory, deviance, social structure, and prostitution. It provides information on how social learning theory proposes that observation and modeling play a primary role in learning. It describes how deviance involves violating social norms and can serve functions in creating social stability. It discusses two types of deviance - formal and informal. It also defines prostitution and discusses some of the causes and effects of prostitution.

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Diane Navarrete
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749 views25 pages

Changes in Socio-Educational Problems

This document discusses social learning theory, deviance, social structure, and prostitution. It provides information on how social learning theory proposes that observation and modeling play a primary role in learning. It describes how deviance involves violating social norms and can serve functions in creating social stability. It discusses two types of deviance - formal and informal. It also defines prostitution and discusses some of the causes and effects of prostitution.

Uploaded by

Diane Navarrete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Changes in Socio-educational Problems

TOPICS:
• Social Learning Theory
• Deviance and Social Structure
• Social Deviance
• Prostitution

DIANE NAVARRETE
Social Learning
Theory
Social Learning Theory
Learning is a remarkably complex
process that is influenced by a wide
variety of factors. As most parents are
probably very much aware, observation
can play a critical role in determining 
how and what children learn. As the
saying goes, kids are very much like
sponges, soaking up the experiences they
have each and every day.
Albert Bandura –
Social Learning Theory

A psychologist named Albert
Bandura, proposed a social
learning theory which suggests
that observation and modeling
play a primary role in this process.
What Is Social Learning Theory?
While the behavioral theories of
learning suggested that all learning
was the result of associations formed
by conditioning, reinforcement, and
punishment, Bandura's social
learning theory proposed that
learning can also occur simply by
observing the actions of others.
Core Concepts
"Learning would be
exceedingly laborious, not to
mention hazardous, if people had
to rely solely on the effects of
their own actions to inform them
what to do," Bandura explained in
his 1977 book Social Learning
Theory.
People Can Learn Through Observation
Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:
• A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or
acting out a behavior.
• A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters
displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online
media.
• A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and
explanations of a behavior.
Mental States Are Important to Learning
• Your own mental state and motivation play an important role in
determining whether a behavior is learned or not.
External reinforcement & Internal reinforcement
• This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect
learning theories to cognitive developmental theories.
Bandura himself describes his approach as a 'social cognitive
theory.'
Learning Does Not Necessarily Lead to
Change
We are able to learn things even though that
learning might not be immediately obvious.
While behaviorists believed that learning led to
a permanent change in behavior, observational
learning demonstrates that people can learn
new information without demonstrating new
behaviors.
Key factor to success
Real World Applications
• Social learning theory can have a number of real-world applications. For
example, it can be used to help researchers understand how aggression and
violence might be transmitted through observational learning. By studying
media violence, researchers can gain a better understanding of the factors
that might lead children to act out the aggressive actions they see portrayed
on television and in the movies.
• But social learning can also be utilized to teach people positive behaviors.
Researchers can use social learning theory to investigate and understand
ways that positive role models can be used to encourage desirable behaviors
and to facilitate social change.
Deviance and
Social Structure
Social Structure
• Social structure is the patterns of social arrangement
on society that are both emergent and determinant of
the actions and relations between agents.
• Social Institutions.
• Social Order
• Independency and freedom
• Social change
Deviance
Deviance is the violation of a culture's norms
and also when a person commits an act against
the norms.
The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
• For the structural functionalist, deviance serves two primary roles in
creating social stability.
• First, systems of recognizing and punishing deviance create norms and
tell members of a given society how to behave by laying out patterns
of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. In order to avoid unsettling
society, one must be aware of what behaviors are marked as deviant.
• Second, these social parameters create boundaries between
populations and enable an “us-versus-them” mentality within different
groups. Deviance allows for the majorities to unite around their
normativity, at the expense of those marked as deviant. 
Social Deviance
Social deviance is a phenomenon that has existed in all
societies where there have been norms. 
Two types of Deviance

• Formal Deviance: The violation of formally enacted laws and


is referred to as formal deviance. Examples of formal deviance
include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault.

• Informal Deviance: The violations of informal social norms


(norms that have not been codified into law) and is referred to
as informal deviance.
Deviant behavior in School Setting
• Bullying • Fighting
• Stealing • Noise Making
• Lying • Mocking
• Truancy • Offensive language
• Drug abuse • Engaging in love affairs
• Cheating • Vandalism
Prostitution
Definition of Prostitution:
A prostitute by definition is one who exchanges sex or
sexual favors for money, drugs and other desirable
commodities”

• Sometimes referred to the world’s oldest profession


• Sex workers and their clients exchange no receipts.
Causes of Prostitution
•  Some of the more influential factors are physical, emotional, pre-
mature home leaving, childhood sexual abuse, drug abuse and a poor
financial situation. Most prostitutes have encountered at least one of
these problems, and many have experienced them in combination.
• Lack of employment opportunities
• Fragmentation of families
• Lack of laws and law enforcement
• Lack of educational and vocational opportunities
Effects of Prostitution
• Promiscuous behavior is one of the outcomes of sexual abuse.
• Health problems such as exhaustion, viral illness, STDs, infections,
back aches, sleeplessness and depression
• Philandering husband
• Divorce average
• Breakdown of moral values
• Derogatory status of women
• High percentage of infant immortality
• Decline in the economy
How does education How can our
educational institutions
help minimize to a
affect social change? certain degree the
current social issues
Education can initiate social changes by bringing and problems?
about a change in outlook and attitude of man. It can
bring about a change in the pattern
of social relationships and institutions and thereby it may
cause social change. Thus, education has brought
about phenomenal changes in every aspect of man's
life.
References:
• https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-functionalist-perspective-
on-deviance/#:~:text=For%20the%20structural%20functionalist%2C%20deviance,of%20accept
able%20and%20unacceptable%20behavior
.
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-structure/Structure-and-social-organization

• https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/07%3A
_Deviance_Social_Control_and_Crime/7.01%3A_Deviance/7.1A%3A_Deviance
• http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jmahoney/deviance.htm

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813014213/pdf?md5=fbc0bc8abd
0438201a1f0ae415cb5ee4&pid=1-s2.0-S1877042813014213-main.pdf
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328540049_The_role_and_the_impact_of_prostitu
tion_on_the_overall_economy

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