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4 Reciprocating Compressor II

This document summarizes reciprocating compressors. It discusses the main components of trunk and crosshead compressors including cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts. It also describes cylinder arrangements, capacity control methods, valve types, lubrication, and sealing components. The key methods of capacity control are start/stop operation, suction valve unloading, clearance pockets, external bypassing, and suction throttling.

Uploaded by

Bassam Amir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
193 views

4 Reciprocating Compressor II

This document summarizes reciprocating compressors. It discusses the main components of trunk and crosshead compressors including cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts. It also describes cylinder arrangements, capacity control methods, valve types, lubrication, and sealing components. The key methods of capacity control are start/stop operation, suction valve unloading, clearance pockets, external bypassing, and suction throttling.

Uploaded by

Bassam Amir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPRESSORS

RECIPROCATING
COMPRESSOR
CONSTRUCTION
Construction

Trunk vs Cylinder Capacity


Construction
crosshead arrangement control
TRUNK
VS
CROSSHEAD
Piston

Distance
piece Piston rod

Crosshead
Piston

Connecting rod Connecting rod

Crank shaft Crank shaft

Trunk (Automotive) Crosshead


TRUNK (AUTOMOTIVE)
Trunk (Automotive)

Simple, cheap, small

Single acting only

Lubricated by splashing

For refrigeration & small air compressors


CROSSHEAD
Crosshead

Single or double acting

Good gas seal (suitable for high pressures +


dangerous gases)

Difficult oil carryover (for food and pharmaceutical


industries)

For industrial processes


CONSTRUCTION
1/10 CYLINDER

Suction valves

Discharge valves
2/10 COOLING: AIR COOLING
2/10 COOLING: WATER COOLING

Water
jackets
3/10 LINERS

To protect the cylinder from wear due to rubbing with piston

May be removed to increase the compressor


4/10 PISTON
5/10 PISTON RINGS

Wear band
6/10 DISTANCE PIECE
6/10 DISTANCE PIECE

Rod
Oil wiper Packing
rings
6/10 DISTANCE PIECE

Intermediate
pressure packing
7/10 SEALS: ROD PACKING
7/10 SEALS: INTERMEDIATE PACKING
7/10 SEALS: OIL WIPER PACKING
8/10 LUBRICATION

Some compressors are non-lubricated. In


this time the valves, piston and other
rubbing elements are made of self-
lubricating materials (graphite and PTFE).
9/10 VALVES

Poppet valve

Plate valve

Ring valve
9/10 VALVES
10/10 PULSATION DAMPENERS
10/10 PULSATION DAMPENERS
CYLINDER
ARRANGEMENTS
TRUNK RC

Vertical arrangement Inline Vertical V (Y) arrangement

Vertical or V-arrangement: save space and can be lubricated by splashing


CROSSHEAD RC

V arrangement

Vertical

Horizontally opposed

Inline vertical Horizontal


Arrangements

Vertical Horizontal

Less cylinder and


Easy maintenance
piston-ring wear

Can easily
Less floor space
discharge ingested
required
liquid drops

Usually single Usually multi-


cylinder RC cylinder RC
CAPACITY CONTROL
1- START AND STOP

• For small size units only.


• Too many motor starts cause premature damage to the shaft.
• Refrigeration and air conditioning compressors (thermostat).
• Small air compressors (pressure-stat + air receiver).
2- SUCTION VALVE UNLOADER

Suction
valve

Suction valve unloader

Q=0

Discharge
valve
2- SUCTION VALVE UNLOADER
TYPES

Finger type Plug type

Actuated manually, pneumatically or electrically


2- SUCTION VALVE UNLOADER
CHARACTERISTICS

Fixed step control (0, 50 or


100%)

Power loss due to friction


with the suction port
50% reduction

Overheating due to
repeated suction and
compression of gas

used when starting the RC


to protect the electric
100% reduction 12.5% reduction motor from overload
3- CLEARANCE POCKETS – CLEARANCE EFFECT
P

Vclearance

Vloss Vactual

Vstroke

V
3- CLEARANCE POCKETS – HOW IT WORKS
P

VlossVloss Vactual
Vactual

V
3- CLEARANCE POCKETS
3- CLEARANCE POCKETS
4- EXTERNAL BYPASSING
5- SUCTION THROTTLING

Cooler

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