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Unit 1A Part 1

Advanced Surveying covers various surveying methods like geodetic surveying, triangulation, trilateration, traversing, and SBPS. The course outcomes include determining intervisibility, describing surveying methods, identifying errors, and applying setting out principles. Reference books listed provide information on remote sensing, GIS, surveying, and geodetic concepts. Geodetic surveying establishes controls through triangulation, traversing, or trilateration over large areas to precisely determine positions on Earth's surface.

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P K Jain
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71 views17 pages

Unit 1A Part 1

Advanced Surveying covers various surveying methods like geodetic surveying, triangulation, trilateration, traversing, and SBPS. The course outcomes include determining intervisibility, describing surveying methods, identifying errors, and applying setting out principles. Reference books listed provide information on remote sensing, GIS, surveying, and geodetic concepts. Geodetic surveying establishes controls through triangulation, traversing, or trilateration over large areas to precisely determine positions on Earth's surface.

Uploaded by

P K Jain
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced Surveying

TE Civil Engineering
Exam pattern
• Paper: In-sem 30 Marks + End-sem 70 Marks
• Term work: 25 Marks
Course outcomes
Course Statement Mapped with
Outcomes Blooms Level
CO1 Determine intervisisbility of stations L3
CO2 Describe various methods of Hydrographic Surveying L1
CO3 Describe the systems of Remote sensing and GIS L3
CO4 Identify errors in triangulation L2
CO5 Interpret the concepts of Aerial Photogrammetry and its L4
applications such as determination of heights of objects on
terrain.
CO6 Apply setting out principles to construction work-bridge L3

L1-remember, L2- understanding, L3- Applying, L4- Analyzing


List of reference books
Sr. No. Title Author Publisher
1 Surveying & Levelling (2/E) Subramanian Oxford University Press
2 Surveying: Vol. II. Dr. B. C. Punmia Laxmi Publication - New
Delhi.
3 Surveying and Levelling Vol. II T. P. Kanetkar and S. V. Pune Vidyarthi Publication
Kulkarni
4 Principles of Geographical Information Peter A. Burrough & Oxford University Press
System Rachael A. McDonnell
5 Surveying-III (Higher Surveying) By Dr. B.C. Punmia, Ashok Laxmi Publication - New
K. Jain & Arun K. Jain Delhi.
6 Surveying -Vol-I By K. R. Arora Standard book house
7 Surveying Vol. 2 S. K. Duggal McGraw Hill Publication
8 Surveying & levelling R. Subramanian Oxford Publication
9 Remote Sensing & GIS,2/E Bhatta Oxford University Press
Unit 1. Geodetic Surveying and SBPS
contents
• a) Objects, Methods of Geodetic Surveying, Introduction to
triangulation, Classification of triangulation systems, Triangulation
figures, Concept of well-conditioned triangle, selection of stations,
Intervisibility and height of stations.
• b) Introduction to SBPS; Positioning with SBPS - Absolute &
Differential methods, Use of SBPS in Surveying, SBPS Co-ordinates
& heights, Factors governing accuracy in SBPS positioning,
Different types of errors in SBPS positioning. Earth ellipsoid,
Geodetic datum and Co-ordinate systems, Applications of GPS in
civil engineering.
Geodetic surveying
• Also called trignometrical levelling
• Curvature of earth is considered
• covers large area and distances
OBJECTIVE: To determine very precisely the relative or absolute positions
on the earth’s surface of a system of widely separated points.
• Relative positions are determined in terms of lengths and azimuths of
lines joining them
• Absolute positions are determined in terms of latitude, longitude and
elevation above m.s.l
Methods of Geodetic surveying
It is used to establish horizontal controls.
(a) Triangulation
(b) Precise theodolite traversing
(c) Trilateration
(d) Triangulation
(e) Precise EDM traversing
(A) Triangulation
• First suggested by Mr. Snell in 1615
• Based on Trignometrical principle: In any triangle if the length of
one side and all the three angles are known, the lengths of the
remaining sides can be computed by the application of sine rule.
• In this method first select suitable triangulation stations to form
well conditioned triangles covering entire area, Such stations
when connected form a chain of well conditioned simple or
double triangles etc.
• In given figure, PQ length is measured. It
is base line. All angles of ΔPQR are
measured. By sine rule lengths PR and QR
are measured.
• Line PR and QR are base lines for triangles
PRT and QRS. The included angles of
these two triangles are measured and by
sine rule lengths PT and RT of ΔPRT,
lengths QS and RS of ΔQRS are measured.
• Procedure is repeated to cover entire
area
• For check measure length SV of ΔRSV and
compare with calculated length.
• The apex of triangles are called triangulation stations
• Whole figure is called triangulation system or triangulation
figure
• The main drawback is accumulation of error in lengths and
azimuths
(B) Precise Theodolite traversing
• Triangulation method is not suitable for vey flat area
• For flat area this method is recommended

Drawbacks: more accumulation or errors, time consuming


method
(C) Trilateration
• EDM is used
• Here, for the series of connected triangles only lengths of sides of
triangles are measured i.e. linear measurement with the help of EDM

• Advantages: accuracy more as compared to triangulation.


Less man power needed

• Drawback: High initial investment for EDM


No effective easy check available
(D) Triangulateration
• Combination of triangulation and trilateration
• Therefore more accuracy
• All lengths and angles of all triangles are measured by total
station
• Therefore combines advantages of both methods
• Easy and effective checks possible
• Drawbacks: high initial investment to purchase instrument
(E) Precise EDM traversing
• Drawbacks of precise theodolite traversing are overcome by
this method
• Here use of electronic distance meter with a built in vertical
sensor (called total station)
• It eliminates all previous drawbacks
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGULATION SYSTEM

• Based on the extent & purpose of the survey, and the degree
of accuracy desired.
• triangulation surveys are classified as first-order or primary,
second-order or secondary, and third-order or tertiary.
First order triangulation Second order triangulation Third order triangulation

•Highest grade of triangulation •To establish number of •Establish number of control


•Determines shape & size of control points at closer points within the framework
earth’s surface intervals inside framework of of secondary triangulation
•Establish horizontal control primary triangulation
points, used as reference for •It is used for detailed and
second order triangulation •Triangles are smaller as topographical surveys
•Covers very large area i.e. compared to primary
whole country triangulation

•No external checks available •Instruments and methods


adopted are inferior to
•Astronomical observations primary work
are used for checks
•Use of most modern refined
instruments
Sr. Characteristics First order Second order Third order
No. triangulation triangulation triangulation

1 Length of base lines 8 to 12 km 2 to 5 km 100 to 500 m


2 Lengths of sides 16 to 150 km 10 to 25 km 2 to 10 km
3 Average triangular error less than 1" 3" 12"
(after correction for
spherical excess)

4 Discrepancy between two 5 k mm 10 k mm 25 k mm


measures (k is distance in
kilometer)

5 Probable error of the 1 in 50,000 to 1 1 in 20,000 to 1 1 in 5,000 to


computed distances in 250,000 in 50,000 1 in 20,000

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