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Solid Waste

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Madeline Castro Pangilinan
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43 views37 pages

Solid Waste

Uploaded by

Madeline Castro Pangilinan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid

Waste
Solid Wastes
• Most visible environmental priority in the
cities and municipalities in the Philippines

• Problem even in developed countries.


Solid Wastes
• Wastes not transported by water, that has been rejected for
further use.
• Refuse – other term for solid waste
• For municipal wastes:
• Garbage (putrescible food wastes)
• Rubbish (non-putrescible SW)
o Combustible (paper, plastics, textiles)
o Non-combustible (glass, metal, masonry)
Causes of solid waste problem
• Generation of waste is increasing rapidly as consumption
rises
• Collection efficiencies are dropping as service levels
deteriorate
• Treatment and disposal facilities are facing closure because
of improper siting and management, and growing public
opposition
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
Sources and Types of Solid Waste
Household wastes Residues of sewage treatment plants
Commercial-industrial wastes Street sweepings debris caused by
disasters
Farm and agricultural wastes Large Waste (e.g construction
Institutional wastes rubble)
Dead animals
Mining Wastes Ash from incinerators and residues
Hazardous Wastes from the combustion of solid fuels
Miscellaneous and specialized
wastes:
Factors that Affect Waste Generation
State of the national (& Extent to which the three R’s
individual) economy of waste management are
Demographic profile of the carried out
population Presence of pets and domestic
Lifestyle of the people animals
Size and type of dwellings Presence of laws and
ordinances governing waste
Age management
Religion Seasonal variations
Company Buy-Back
Guarantees
Characteristics of SOLID WASTES
(Composition)
Factors influencing the composition of municipal solid wastes
1. Climate
2. Frequency Collection
3. Prevalence of home garbage grinders
4. Social customs
5. Per capita income
6. Acceptability of packaged and convenience foods
7. Degree of urbanization and industrialization of the area.
Characteristics of SOLID WASTES (Density
and Energy Content)
Density – of the municipal solid waste varies with waste
composition and the degree of compaction.

Energy Content – Municipal solid waste contains about 50%


volatile (combustible) matter, with roughly equal proportions
of moisture and inert solids
- Waste is often burned as a means of disposal and a source of
energy.
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTES MANAGEMENT
AND CONTROL
Management and Control
SOLID WASTE Management
Protection of public health and the
environment
Solid wastes are usual vectors (carriers) for
disease transmission
Dump Sites
The favored means of disposal before the
implementation of RA8749
The dump is often burned to minimize the
volume of the waste
Not an acceptable practice from an
environmental and health perspective.
Waste Management Hierarchy
Source Reduction

On-site Recycling/Segregation

Off-site Recycling Waste


Minimization

Treatment
The Principle of Inverted
Triangle: The least Disposal
amount of waste should be
disposed.
Source Reduction (SR)
Reduction in the amount and/or toxicity of waste stream; the most
effective means
Requirements for Implementation of SR
1. Adoption of industry standards for product manufacturing and
packaging using less material
2. Passing of laws that minimize the use of virgin materials in
consumer products
3. Adoption of communities of rates for waste management services
that penalize generators for increasing waste quantities.
Examples of Source Reduction
Converting heavy packaging materials to light-weight
ones.
Making consumer products in concentrated form that
require smaller containers or packaging
RECYCLING
Requires the existence of a reliable nearby market for
the recovered material.

Market development will depend on the quality


(includes consideration of contaminants present) of the
materials, overall industry capacity and the cost of
competing raw materials.
Benefits from Recycling
Resource conservation
• Recycling of iron, aluminum cans and waste
paper

 Pollution Prevention
• We produce less pollutants
• Recycling of iron will minimize mine tailings
Benefits from Recycling
Energy Conservation
• Crushed glass reduces the energy to manufacture new glass by
50%
• Recycling of paper, metals and rubber also reduces much energy
in production.
Recovery of Energy
• Fuels from solid wastes
1. Mass-burning (using incinerators)
2. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
• Reuse
- Can conserve energy
Solid Waste Handling/Processing
Handling refers to all activities associated with the
handling of solid wastes until they are placed in their
storage containers.

The transfer of loaded storage containers to collection


points is also a part of the handling process.
Elements of Solid Waste Management System
Transfer and
Transport

Waste
Storage Collection Disposal
Generation

Processing and
Recovery
Collection Systems
1. Ease and frequency of pickup
2. Collection equipment
• Packer trucks (2 loads/day/truck or possibly 3)
• Container truck
- Delivers a large empty storage container to an institution or
commercial operation and picks up a full one, which is then
hauled to disposal.
3. Transfer Stations
4. Rail haul
5. Route Selection
Compactor
Separation and Processing of MSW
 Separation of recyclable materials at the source – built a centralized
material recovery facilities (MRF’s)
 Processing at the source
1. Grinders (home garbage grinders - garbarators)
2. Compactors (reduce volume by 70% but can handle only certain
wastes)
3. Composters (collection of organic material in a pile and occasionally
adding water and stirring to promote microbial decomposition)
Conversion of MSW
Incineration
 Burning continuously
 Burn unprocessed municipal solid waste
 Reduced the amount of solid waste up to 90% by volume and 75%
by weight
Incineration
Primary Risks
 Air-quality problems: dioxins and furans from
plastics
 Toxicity and disposal of the ash; may contain heavy
metals (considered hazardous waste)
Conversion of MSW
Composting
•  Aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi) into a nutrient-rich, stable humus material
known as “compost”
 Temperature of 60 should be maintain for at least 3 days in order to
destroy pathogenic microorganisms.
 Thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium and Pseudomass) are
the principal decomposers in the early stage of composting while
fungi (Mucor, Penicillium & Aspergillus) are more active during
the curing stage.
Composting

 Controlled accelerated biodegradation of organic matter into humus


 For optimal conditions, 55% moisture content and regular aeration
are required.
 If anaerobic conditions are allowed objectionable odors will be
released.
Other Conversion Processes
Chemical Processes
 Fluidized bed
 Incineration
 Wet Oxidation
 Pyrolysis
 Chemical decomposition produced by heat in the absence of air.
Landfilling
 Modern Sanitary Landfill
• A clay-lined depression in which each day’s deposit of fresh
garbage is covered with a layer of soil
• Selection is based on ground water geology, soil type, and
sensitivity to local citizens’ concerns.
• Have bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water (leachate)
leaking through the buried trash
• Leachate is collected and treated.
Landfilling
 Sanitary Landfill
• Different from the typical unsanitary open dump site; first used in
California in 1934.
• Design Criteria
 An inexpensive land within economical hauling distance, have
year-round access and at least 1500 m downwind from residential
and commercial neighbors.
 Area should be clear, level and well-drained
 With capacity for not less 3 years use
 Soil of low permeability, well above the ground water table.
Landfilling
 Problems
• Aesthetic considerations
• Economic loss
• Environmental effects
• Leachate high in organics, dissolved solids and other constituents
• CH4 (combustible and explosive) and CO2 (with H2O creates acid
which can dissolve materials containing minerals such as Ca, Mg, Fe,
Cd, Pb and Zn) generated from anaerobic decomposition of organics
• Inappropriate regulations
PREPARATION FOR LANDFILLS
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SITE OF
LANDFILLS

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