PAINTS, VARNISHES AND

DISTEMPER
 PAINT

Source
• Paint was made with the yolk of eggs and therefore, the substance would harden
and adhere to the surface it was applied to. Pigment was made from plants, sand,
and different soils. Most paints used either oil or water as a base (the diluent,
solvent or vehicle for the pigment).
Raw material

 Raw materials are divided into three major groups, namely, pigments (titanium dioxide, zinc
oxide etc.), solvents (mineral turpentine) and resins and additives. Pigments are finely ground
solids of different shades to give colour, durability, consistency and other properties to paint.
 The pigments give the paint colour; solvents make it easier to apply; resins help it dry; and
additives serve as everything from fillers to anti-fungicidal agents.
 Hundreds of different pigments, both natural and synthetic, exist. The basic white pigment is
titanium dioxide, selected for its excellent concealing properties, and black pigment is
commonly made from carbon black.
 Other pigments like iron oxide and cadmium sulphide are used for reds, metallic salts for
yellows and oranges, and iron blue and chrome yellows for blues and greens.
• Solvents are various low viscosity, volatile liquids. They include petroleum mineral spirits
and aromatic solvents such as benzol, alcohols, esters, ketones, and acetone. The natural
resins most commonly used are lin-seed, coconut, and soybean oil, while alkyds, acrylics,
epoxies, and polyurethanes number among the most popular synthetic resins.
• Additives serve many purposes. Some, like calcium carbonate and aluminium silicate, are
simply fillers that give the paint body and substance without changing its properties.
Other additives produce certain desired characteristics in paint, such as the thixotropic
agents that give paint its smooth texture, driers, anti-settling agents, anti-skinning
agents, defoamers, and a host of others that enable paint to cover well and last long
Manufacturing Process
Making the paste

 Pigment manufacturers send bags of fine grain pigments to paint plants. There, the
pigment is premixed with resin (a wetting agent that assists in moistening the pigment),
one or more solvents, and additives to form a paste.

Dispersing the pigment

 The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer paints is now routed into a
sand mill, a large cylinder that agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to grind the
pigment particles, making them smaller and dispersing them throughout the mixture.
The mixture is then filtered to remove the sand particles.
•Instead of being processed in sand mills, up to 90 percent of the water-based latex paints
designed for use by individual homeowners are instead processed in a high-speed dispersion
tank. There, the premixed paste is subjected to high-speed agitation by a circular, toothed
blade attached to a rotating shaft. This process blends the pigment into the solvent
Thinning the paste
•Whether created by a sand mill or a dispersion tank, the paste must now be thinned to
produce the final product. Transferred to large kettles, it is agitated with the proper amount of
solvent for the type of paint desired.
Canning the paint
The finished paint product is then pumped into the canning room. For the standard 8 pint
(3.78 litre) paint can available to consumers, empty cans are first rolled horizontally onto
labels, then set upright so that the paint can be pumped into them. A machine places lids
onto the filled cans, and a second machine presses on the lids to seal them. From wire that is
fed into it from coils, a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before hooking them into
holes pre-cut in the cans. A certain number of cans (usually four) are then boxed and stacked
before being sent to the warehouse.
Properties
 Physical characteristics may include colour, layer sequence, layer thickness, surface
features, layer features, contaminants, and weathering.
 Chemical components may include pigments, polymers, and additives.
 It should have high hiding power . It should be capable of covering the existing surface
of material uniformly and thoroughly.
 It should be able to resist the atmospheric conditions to which it will be put

• The films produced should be washable

• It should resist corrosion

• It should have the necessary consistency (property to resist permanent change of shape)
for a particular purpose for which the paint is to be used
Types of Paints
Oil Paint
• Oil paints use white lead as a base, and are applied in three coats: primer, undercoat
and finish coat. Oil paints can achieve mat and glossy finishes, while being durable and
affordable. They are characterized by their ease of application, and painted surfaces are
easy to clean.

Enamel Paint
• This type of paint is produced by adding lead or zinc to varnish. Pigments are added to
achieve a wide variety of colors. Enamel paints form hard and glossy coatings, which are
easily cleaned. They are characterized by being waterproof and chemically resistant.
Emulsion Paint
• Emulsion paints use polyvinyl acetate and polystyrene as binding materials, and they
contain driers like cobalt and manganese. They can be water or oil based, and pigments
are used to achieve the desired color. Emulsion paints are characterized by their fast
drying and hardening, and surfaces can be cleaned easily with water.
Cement Paint
• Cement paint is available in powder form, which is mixed with water to achieve paint
consistency. The base material is white or colored cement, and it may also contain pigments,
accelerators and other additives. Cement paint is durable and waterproof, and it is commonly
used in rough internal and external surfaces.
 Bituminous Paint
• This type of paint is made from dissolved asphalt or tar, which gives it a characteristic black
colour. It is waterproof and alkali-resistant, but not suitable for applications where it will be
exposed to the sun, since it deteriorates.
Aluminium Paint
• This type of paint is produced by mixing aluminium particles with oil varnish. It is resistant to
corrosion, electricity and weather exposure.
Anti-Corrosive Paint
• Anticorrosive paint is characterized by its chemical resistance, as implied by its name. It is
made from linseed oil, zinc chrome and fine sand. Anticorrosive paint has a black colour, and
it is durable and affordable. 
Synthetic Rubber Paint
• This paint is made from dissolved synthetic resins, and can include pigments. It has a
moderate cost and its main benefits are chemical resistance, fast drying and weather
resistance.
Cellulose Paint
• Cellulose paint is produced from celluloid sheets, amyl acetate and photographic films.
Adhesion can be improved by adding castor oil, and surfaces can be easily cleaned and
washed once the paint has dried. This type of paint is characterized by its quick drying,
smooth finish and hardness
Plastic Paint
• This paint uses water as a thinner, and it is available in a wide range of colors. It dries very
quickly and offers high coverage. 
Silicate Paint
• Silicate paint is made from a mixture of silica and resinous substances. Its performance
benefits include good adhesion, hardness, heat resistance, and being chemically unreactive
with metals. 
Casein Paint
• This paint is made from casein mixed with white pigments. It is available in powder and
paste form, and pigments can be added. Casein paint is commonly used to paint walls,
ceilings and wood.
Uses of Paints

• It is used to give high class finish

• It is used to give attractive colours
• It is used to give pleasing surface design and appearance
• It is also used to protect the material from atmospheric effcts
• To protect various substances from corrosion
• To protect wooden articles from wet-rot and many other types of defects
• To make the materials long lasting
Advantages of Paint
• It is the cheapest and easiest way to give a room an instant makeover.
• It can hide walls that are in poor condition
• Wall Paint options have moved beyond a single color brushed on all four walls; bold
color combinations and fancy decorative finishes are becoming the norm.
• High-quality paint will typically last twice as long as it’s less-expensive counterpart.
Especially if it’s applied with the right primer, which will make the paint go on
smoother and provide better coverage, too.
• Their properties are so unique such that these can be applied on wood, masonry, 
stucco, metals, asbestos, gypsum board. Special paints are acoustical ceiling paint,
epoxy paint, texture paint
 
• Many resist sun, fading and blistering, fire- resistance or rust inhibiting

• Most of the paints varieties dry in short-time

Disadvantages of Paint
• Oil based paint especially, is slow to dry and needs a long drying time between coats.

• It also needs to be applied by a professional as it has tendency to run, curtain and so

forth.

• Also, the higher the oil content in the paint, the less resistant it is to heat.

• Paint must be recoated periodically as it gets dirty.

 VARNISHES
Source
Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
• Resin

Many different kinds of resins may be used to create a varnish. Natural resins used for varnish include
amber, kauri gum, dammar, copal, rosin (colophony or pine resin), sandarac, balsam, elemi, mastic,
and shellac. Varnish may also be created from synthetic resins such as acrylic, alkyd, or polyurethane.
• Solvent
Originally, turpentine or alcohol was used to dissolve the resin and thin the drying oils. The invention
of petroleum distillates has led to turpentine substitutes such as white spirit, paint thinner, and 
mineral spirit. Modern synthetic varnishes may be formulated with water instead of hydrocarbon
solvents.
• Drying oil
There are many different types of drying oils, including linseed oil, tung oil, and 
walnut oil. These contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid

Raw materials
 Resins
 Solvent
 Drying oil
Manufacturing
 The natural varnishes are produced by heating the resins, adding natural oils such as linseed oil,
cooking the mixture to the desired viscosity, and then diluting it with turpentine. The resultant
coating took three to four days to harden, had a yellow tint, and eventually developed cracks as
it aged.
 Natural varnishes have largely been replaced by varnishes containing synthetic resins, chief
among which are the alkyd, polyurethane, phenolic, vinyl, and epoxy resins. Alkyds are made
with an alcohol such as glycerol, a dibasic acid, such as maleic or phthalic acid, and an oil, such
as castor, coconut, linseed, or soybean, or a fatty acid.
 Unlike natural resins, synthetic resins can be manufactured in large quantities and can be
chemically tailored with great precision for particular uses. For example, the molecular structure
of alkyd resins can be manipulated to vary their viscosity, their hardness, their solubility in water
or other substances, and their capacity to mix successfully with various pigments.
Properties
 It should dry rapidly.
 It should form a hard film on drying.
 It should not crack on drying. It should have sufficient elasticity.
• It should be durable and weather resistant.

Types of Varnishes
Oil varnishes

• These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in which hard resins such as amber and copal are
dissolved by heating. These varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and durable surface. Sometimes,
small quantity of turpentine is added to make the varnish more workable. Oil varnishes are
recommended for all external wood work, and for joinery and fittings.
Spirit varnishes or lacquers

• These varnishes are methylated spirit of wine as solvent in which soft resins such as lac or shellac
are dissolved. They dry quickly, but are not durable. French polish is a variety of this type varnish.
It is commonly used on furniture.

Turpentine varnishes

• These varnishes use turpentine as solvent in which soft resins such as gum dammer, mastic and
rosin are dissolved. The varnish dries quickly, but is not so durable. These are cheaper than oil
varnishes.

Water varnishes

• These varnishes are formed by dissolving shellac in hot water, using enough quantity of
ammonia, borax, potash or soda. Water varnishes are used for varnishing wall papers, maps
pictures, book jackets, etc.
Advantages
Provides radiant beauty to the wood.

 Helps in protecting the wood by binding the surface.

 Helps to prevent hairline cracks and absorb the effects of scratching and external
damage.

 Helps in reducing the transfer of moisture between the wood and the surrounding
weather.

 Provides softness and lasting.

Disadvantages
• Becomes yellowish after a certain time.
 DISTEMPER
Source and Raw materials
• Distemper is a water based paint in which the binding medium consists essentially of either glue
or casein, or similar sizing material. The major constituents of distemper
are chalk, lime, water and some coloring agents if necessary. They are also known as cement
paint.

Manufacturing
• Distemper paint is an ancient type of paint made of water, chalk, and pigment. It is bound with
either an animal glue or the adhesive qualities of casein, a resin that comes from solidified milk.
The primary problem with distemper paint is that it is not durable.
Properties
• They are generally light in colour.
• The coatings are generally thick.
• They give reflective coating.
• They are less durable than oil paints but are cheaper.

Types of Distemper Paint 

Acrylic Distemper Paint
Acrylic Distemper Paint gives the walls a delightful smooth matte finish. It gives unmatched
durability and a smooth finish that has no equal in the Distemper Paint category, ensures shade
retention for a long time, Its fast drying property facilitates quicker completion of painting
work .
Synthetic Distemper Paint
Synthetic Distemper Paint is a water-based finish with exciting direct shade offerings that
give your home a beautiful look for years to come. It has uniform matt film, which can be
wiped with clean water, White can be tinted with apcolite universal strainer to obtain
customized shades, The oil bound paint film becomes harder over a period of time, which
gives better durability and makes it easy to wash.

UNO Acrylic Distemper Paint

Uno Acrylic Distemper Paint is water based acrylic Distemper Paint suitable for interior
walls at a pocket-friendly price. This washable Distemper Paint will keep your walls as good
as new for a long time. Acrylic Distemper Paint offers a smooth, matte finish. You can clean
your stains with a wet cloth.
Advantages of Distemper Paint
 Distemper Paints doesn’t need any primer quoting can be directly applied on cement
surface without any preparations.

 They are less expensive compared to other alternatives.

 They stay long and up to three to five years.

 They have a distinctive smell.

 They don’t dry or crack in sunlight.

Disadvantages of Distemper Paint
 The quality will not be great while compared to other paints.

 Distemper Paint peels off when wet.

 It’s not fully washable.

 Distemper Paint color will fade time being quickly then Emulsion Paint.
Uses of Distemper

• Distemper is an early form of whitewash. As a decorative paint, it is easily marked and

cannot get wet.
• Distemper is much less expensive than oil-based paints. Due to this, it was also used for
posters and scenic backdrops on stage.