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FM ppt-4

Frequency modulation (FM) is a type of angle modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. There are two main types of FM: narrowband FM (NBFM) and wideband FM (WBFM). NBFM has a maximum modulation frequency of 3kHz and deviation of 75kHz, while WBFM has modulation frequencies from 30Hz to 15kHz and the same 75kHz deviation. FM has advantages over AM including higher fidelity and better signal-to-noise ratio since it has constant amplitude.

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AMIT KUMAR SINGH
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261 views13 pages

FM ppt-4

Frequency modulation (FM) is a type of angle modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. There are two main types of FM: narrowband FM (NBFM) and wideband FM (WBFM). NBFM has a maximum modulation frequency of 3kHz and deviation of 75kHz, while WBFM has modulation frequencies from 30Hz to 15kHz and the same 75kHz deviation. FM has advantages over AM including higher fidelity and better signal-to-noise ratio since it has constant amplitude.

Uploaded by

AMIT KUMAR SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Frequency

Modulation
Angle Modulation
It is of two types
1. Phase Modulation(PM)
2. Frequency Modulation(FM)

• Frequency range for angle modulation is 88MHz to


108MHz.
Phase Modulation
• In phase modulation, phase of the carrier is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the
amplitude of the modulating signal keeping the
amplitude of the carrier fixed.
• Vpm = Accos[wct + Ø]
where Ø is phase difference
Frequency Modulation
• In frequency modulation, frequency of the carrier is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of
the amplitude of the modulating signal keeping the
amplitude of the carrier fixed.
Frequency Modulation
• Let :
 
f(t) = cos(t) and  Modulating signal
vc(t) = cost)
 Carrier signal

 
Then Frequency modulated signal will be :
Vpm(t) = cos[t + kmf∫cos(t)] where
mp = modulation index
Ac = Amplitude of carrier
Features of FM
• FM system is hi-fi (high fidelity).
• Since FM signal has constant amplitude signal,
the signal to noise ratio for such system is
much higher.
• The frequency spectrum of FM is same as that
of AM in case of NBFM. But in general, the
number of sidebands and carrier amplitude
varies according to modulation index mf.
Parameters of FM
•  FM requires infinite amount of bandwidth for
transmission since the number of sidebands are infinite
in FM signal.
BW = 2(∆ + )

• Modulation index :
μ = max. dev./ mod. freq. =
• Power of FM : It is always constant in FM.
• P = (Ac^2)/2
Classification of FM
• On the basis of modulation index, FM is classified in
two parts :
• 1) If m<1, then FM is said to be Narrow Band
FM (NBFM).
• 2) If m>1, then FM is said to be Wide Band
FM (WBFM).
NBFM and WBFM

• In NBFM the maximum modulating frequency is


3KHz and maximum frequency deviation is 75KHz.

• In WBFM the maximum modulating frequency is


30Hz to 15KHz and maximum frequency deviation is
75KHz.

• Bandwidth of WBFM is 15 times of that of NBFM.


Generation of NBFM

NBFM Modulator:
Generation of WBFM
• There are two basic methods for generating FM
signals known as direct and indirect methods. The
direct method makes use of a device called voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO) whose oscillation
frequency depends linearly on the modulation
voltage.
Generation of WBFM
• By Valactor Method :
Generation of WBFM
 Indirect Method (Armstrong’s
Method):

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