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Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent unprotected sex for at least one year. It can affect both men and women, with common causes including problems with sperm production, ovulation disorders, fallopian tube damage, endometriosis, and general health/lifestyle factors. Both partners undergo medical tests to diagnose the issue, and treatments range from fertility drugs to assisted reproduction techniques like IVF. Prevention strategies include maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding factors that could impact fertility.

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Anjali Rahul Ajmeri
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26 views

File 3219 P 79

Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent unprotected sex for at least one year. It can affect both men and women, with common causes including problems with sperm production, ovulation disorders, fallopian tube damage, endometriosis, and general health/lifestyle factors. Both partners undergo medical tests to diagnose the issue, and treatments range from fertility drugs to assisted reproduction techniques like IVF. Prevention strategies include maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding factors that could impact fertility.

Uploaded by

Anjali Rahul Ajmeri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Infertility

Ana Dimitrović
Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat
Definition

• Not being able to get pregnant despite


having frequent unprotected sex for at
least a year
Symptoms
• Inability for a couple to get pregnant

• Woman: abnormal menstrual periods


• Man: hormonal problems (changes in hair
growth or sexual function)
When to see a doctor
• You plan to conceive and
you are a woman older
than 30 or haven‘t
menstruated in six months
• You are a woman who has
a history of irregular or
painful menstrual cycles,
pelvic pain,
endometriosis…
• You are a man with a low
sperm count or a history of
testicular, prostate or
sexual problems
Causes of male infertility
Impaired production or function of
sperm
• Impaired shape or movement of
sperm
• Low sperm concentration
• Varicocele
• Undescended testicle
• Testosterone deficiency (male
hypogonadism)
• Genetic defects
• Infections
Causes of male infertility
Impaired delivery of sperm
• Sexual issues
• Retrograde ejaculation
• Blockage of epididymis or ejaculatory ducts
• No semen (ejaculate)
• Hypospadia
• Anti – sperm antibodies
• Cystic fibrosis
Causes of male infertility
General health and
lifestyle
• Emotional stress
• Malnutrition
• Obesity
• Cancer and its
treatment
• Alcohol and drugs
• Age
• Other medical
conditions
Causes of male infertility
Environmental exposure
• Pesticides and other chemicals
• Overheating the testicles
• Substance abuse
• Tobacco smoking
Causes of female infertility
• Fallopian tube
damage or
blockage
• Endometriosis
• Ovulation disorders
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS)
• Early menopause
• Uterine fibroids
• Pelvic adhesions
Causes of female infertility
• Medications
• Thyroid problems
• Cancer and its treatment
• Caffeine intake
• Other medical conditions
Risk factors
• Age
• Tobacco smoking
• Alcohol use
• Being overweight
• Too much exercise
• Caffeine intake
Tests and diagnosis
Tests for men Tests for women
• General physical • Ovulation testing
examination • Hysterosalpingography
• Semen analysis • Laparoscopy
• Hormone testing • Hormone testing
• Transrectal and • Ovarian reserve testing
scrotal ultrasound • Genetic testing
• Pelvic ultrasound
Medical treatments
Drugs
• Clomiphene
• Human menopausal gonadotropin, hMG
• FSH
• Human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG
• Gonadotropin – releasing hormone (Gn-RH)
analogs
• Aromatase inhibitors
• Metformin
• Bromocriptine
Medical treatments
Fertility drugs and the risk of multiple
pregnancies
• Injectable fertility drugs increase the
chance of multiple births
• Careful monitoring: blood tests, hormone
tests, ultrasound measurement of ovarian
follicle size
• Multifetal pregnancy reduction
Medical treatments

Surgery
• Laparoscopic techniques
• Blockages, varicocele
Medical treatments
Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Medical treatments

• Electric or vibratory stimulation to achieve


ejaculation
• Surgical sperm ejaculation
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• Assisted hatching
Complications of treatment
• Multiple pregnancy
• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS)
• Bleeding or infection
• Low birth weight
• Birth defects
Complementary and alternative
treatments
• Group psychological intervention
• Acupuncture
• Manual physical therapy

• Fertility tourism (legal regulation, lower


prices, sought procedure)
Prevention
Male: Female:
• Avoid alcohol, • Avoid alcohol,
tobacco and street tobacco and street
drugs drugs
• Avoid hot tubs and • Exercise moderately
steam baths • Avoid weight
extremes
• Limit caffeine
• Limit medications
The end

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