TABULAR PRESENTATION

Reporters:
Joan L. Alfaras
Cyril D. Bonilla
 Presentation of Data
The p r e s e n t a ti o n of d a t a m e a n s
ex h i b i ti o n of t h e d a t a i n s u c h a c l e a r a n d
a tt r a c ti v e m a n n e r t h a t t h e s e a r e e a s i l y
understood a n d analysed.

T h e r e a r e m a n y f o r m s of
p r e s e n t a ti o n of d a t a .
Presentation of Data
Textual
presentation

Presentatio
n of data

Tabular Graphical
presentation presentation
P r e s e n t a t i o n of D a t a

1.T a b u l a r p r e s e n t a t i o n
a) C o m p o n en t s of t a b l e
b) F e a t u r e s of a good t a b l e
c) K i n d of t a b l e s
d) C l as si f i c a t i o n of d a t a a n d
Tabular Presentation
1.T a b u l a r P r e s e n t a t i o n
I n t h e p r o c e s s of Ta b u l a r
p r e s e n t a ti o n is D a t a is o r g a n i z e d i n
r o w s a n d c o l u m n s , t h i s p r o c e s s is
k n o w n a s t a b u l a r p r e s e n t a ti o n .
The m e t h o d u s e d i s k n o w n a s
Ta b u l a ti o n
( p r e s e n ti n g d a t a i n t h e f o r m of
rows a n d columns in a
t a b l e ).
A.Components o f a t a b l e
Following a r e the p r i n c i p a l
c o m p o n e n t s of a table:-

Table n u m b e r
f i r s t of a l l t h e t a b l e is to b e
n u m b e r e d . The se n u m b e r s m u s t b e i n
the s a m e o rd e r a s the tables.
N u m b e r s f a c i l i t a t e s t h e l o c a t i o n of
t h e t a b l e s . F o r e x ; t a b l e no. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ........
 Title
a t a b l e m u s t h a v e a title. The title
m u s t b e w r i t t e n i n bold letters. The
title m u s t b e simple, c l e a r a n d short.
A good title m u s t r e v e a l :
i) The p r o b l e m u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n
ii)The t i m e p e r i o d of t h e s t u d y
iii)The p l a c e of s t u d y
iv)The n a t u r e of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
of d a t a

“ A G O O D TITLE IS S H O R T
BUT COMPLETE I N ALL
RESPECT”
H e a d no t e
If t h e title of t h e t a b l e d o e s not
g i v e c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n , it is
s u p p l e m e n t e d with h e a d note.
H e a d no t e c o m p l e t e s t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e title of t h e
t a b l e . The u n i t of d a t a is
p r e f e r a b l y e x p r e s s e d i n lakhs,
c r o r e s , t o n n e s etc. a n d e x p r e s s e d
i n b r a c k e t s a s h e a d note.
 Stubs
st ub s a r e t he title of r o w s of a t a b l e .
These titles i n d i c a t e i n f o r m a t i o n
c o n t a i n e d i n t h e r o w s of t h e t a b l e .
Caption
C a p t i o n is t he title g i v e n to t he
co l o u m n s of a ta b l e . A c a p t i o n
indicates information contained in
th e c o lo u mn s of t h e t a b l e .
A c a p t i o n m a y h a v e sub-hea ds w h e n
th e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t he c o l u m n s is
d i v i d e d i n m o r e t h a n o n e cl a ss .
Body
body of a t a b l e m e a n s s u m t o t a l of
t h e i t e m s i n t h e t a b l e . Thus, body
is t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t of th e
t a b l e . It i n d i c a t e s v a l u e s of t h e
var ious items in the table. Each
i t e m i n t h e body is c a l l e d “Cell”
Footnote
Footnotes a r e g i v e n fo r t h e
c l a r i f i c a t i o n of t h e r e a d e r . These
a r e g e n e r a l l y g i v e n with
i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e t a b l e n e e d to
be supplemented.
Source
w h e n t a b l e a r e b a s e d on
s e c o n d a r y d a t a , s o u r c e of t h e
d a t a is to b e g i v e n . S o u r c e of t h e
d a t a is sp e c i f i e d below t h e
footnote.
Format of a table
F e a t u r e s of a good t a b l e
C o n s t r u c t i o n of a t a b l e d e p e n d s
u p o n t h e objec tive of stu dy. It a l s o
d e p e n d s on t h e w i s d o m of
satisfaction. There a r e no h a r d a n d
f a s t r u l e s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a
table. However, some important
g u i d e li n es shou ld b e kept i n m i n d .
These a r e :-
1.) Title a s c o m p a t i b l e with
objectives of t h e s t u d y
Title of a t a b l e m u s t b e
p r o v i d e d a t t h e top c e n t r e of t h e
t a b l e a n d it m u s t b e c o m p a t i b l e
with t h e objectives of study.
2.) C o m p a r i s o n
I t e m s wh ic h a r e to b e
c o m p a r e d with e a c h o t h e r sh ould
be placed in rows a n d columns
close to e a c h o t h e r . This f a c i l i t a t e s
comparison
3.) S p e c i a l E m p h a s i s
i t e m s i n a t a b l e w h ic h n e e d s
s p e c i a l e m p h e s i s sh ou ld b e p l a c e d
i n h e a d rows( top a b o v e ) o r h e a d
c o l u m n s ( e x t r e m e left ). S u c h i t e m s
sh ould b e p r e s e n t e d i n Bold
fig u r es.
4.) I d e a l size
Table m u s t b e of a n i d e a l size, to
d e t e r m i n e a n i d e a l size. To
d e t e r m i n e a n i d e a l size of a tab le, a
r o u g h d r a f t o r sketch m u s t b e
drawn.
5.) S t u b s
If t h e r o w s a r e long, st u b s m a y b e
g i v e n a t r i g h t h a n d s i d e of t h e
table.
6.)Use of Zero
Zero sh ould only b e u s e d to
i n d i c a t e t h e q u a n t i t y of t h e
v a r i a b l e . It sh ould n ot b e u s e d to
i n d i c a t e t h e n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y of
d a t a . If t h e d a t a a r e n ot a v a i l a b l e
t h e n it sh ou ld b e i n d i c a t e d by
„n.a.‟ o r ( - ) m i n u s sign.
7.) H e a d i n g s
H e a d i n g shou ld g e n e r a l l y b e
written in the singular form.
F o r ex., i n t h e c o l u m n s
i n d i c a t i n g goods, t h e w o r d
“good” shou ld b e u s e d .
8.) A b b r e v i a t i o n s
U s e of a b b r e v i a t i o n s sh ould
be avoided in the heading or
sub- h e a d i n g s of a t a b l e .
9.) F ootnote
Footnote sh ould b e g i v e n only
if n e e d e d .
10.) U n i t s
U n i t s m a y b e sp ec if i e d a b o v e
the columns.
11.) Total
I n t h e tab le , sub-totals of t h e
i t e m s m u s t b e g i v e n a t t h e e n d of
e a c h r o w . G r a n d t o t a l of t h e
i t e m s m u s t a l s o b e n oted .
12.) P e r c e n t a g e a n d R a t i o
P e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e s should b e
p r o v i d e d i n t h e ta b l e, if possible.
This m a k e s t h e d a t a m o r e
informative.
13.) E x t e n t of A p p r o x i m a t i o n
If s o m e a p p r o x i m a t e f i g u r e s h a v e
b e e n u s e d i n t h e tab l e , t h e e x t e n t
of a p p r o x i m a t i o n m u s t b e noted.
14.) S o u r c e s of D a t a
S o u r c e s of d a t a m u s t b e n o t e d a t
t h e foot of t h e t a b l e . It is
generally n o t e d n e x t to t h e
footnote.
15.) S i z e of c o l u m n s
S i ze of columns must be
uniform a n d symmetrical.
16.) R u li n g of c o l u m n s
C o lu m n s m u s t b e d i v i d e d
into d i f f e r e n t se ction s
a c c o r d i n g to s i m i l a r i t i e s of
the d a t a .
17.) Simple, E c o n o m i c a l a n d
Attractive
a table must be simple
attractive and
economical in space.
Kinds of Tables
 kinds o f t a b l e s
A.) A c c o r d i n g to p u r p o s e
1) G e n e r a l
th e s e t a b l e s a r e just for g e n e r a l p u r p o s e s .
These t a b l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y a t t a c h e d to s o m e
official r e p o r t s , like Ce n s u s R e p o r t s of
I n d i a . These a r e a l s o c a l l e d R e f e r e n c e
t ab l e s .
2) Specific
Specific p u r p o s e t a b l e is t h a t t a b l e which is
p r e p a r e d with s o m e specific p u r p o s e i n th e
m i n d . I n this t a b l e the d a t a is p r e s e n t e d i n
th e f o r m of r e s u l t of the a n a l y s i s . That is
why t h e s e t a b l e s a r e a l s o c a l l e d S u m m a r y
t ab l e s .
B.) A c c o r d i n g to O r i g i n a l i t y
1) O r i g i n a l
A n o r i g i n a l t a b l e is t h a t i n wh ich
d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n th e s a m e f o r m
of th e r e s u l t of t h e a n a l y s i s .
2) D e r i v e d
A n d e r i v e d t a b l e is t h a t is t h a t i n
w hich d a t a a r e not p r e s e n t e d i n th e
f o r m o r m a n n e r i n w hich th e se a r e
collected. I n s t e a d t he d a t a a r e
presented after converting d a t a
into r a t i o s a n d p e r c e n t a g e s .
C) Tables a c c o r d i n g to C o n s t r u c t i o n
1) S i m p l e o r one-way
A s i m p l e t a b l e is t h a t wh ich
shows only o n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
t h e d a t a . E.X.,

CLASS No. o f s t u d e n t s
11th 200
B.A. ( I ) 100
B.A.( II ) 80
B.A.( III ) 60
TOTAL 440
2) C o m p l e x Table
A c o m p l e x t a b l e is o n e wh ic h
shows m o r e t h a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of
t h e d a t a . O n t h e b a s i s of th e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s shown, t h es e t a b l e s
m a y b e f u r t h e r c l a s s i f i e d as:-
1)D o u b l e o r two-way t a b l e
2.2) Treble t a b l e
2.3) M a n i f o l d t a b l e
2.1) Double or two-way table
A two way table is hat which shows two
characteristics of the data. e.x.,
No. o f s t u d e n t s
Class boys girls
total
1 1 th 160 40 200

B. A. ( I ) 40 60 100

B. A. ( II ) 60 20 80

B. A. ( III ) 50 10 0

tOTAL 310 130 440

2.2) Treble m e t h o d
A t a b l e wh i c h shows t h r e e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of d a t a . E.x.,
BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
CLA
rura urb tota rura urba tota rura urba tota
S S
l an l l n l l n l

1 1 th 50 110 160 10 30 40 60 140 200

B. A. 10 30 40 15 45 60 25 75 1 00
(I )
B. A. 15 45 60 5 15 20 20 60 80
( II )
B. A. 10 40 50 5 5 10 15 45 60
(III )
Tota 85 225 310 35 95 130 120 320 440
l
2.3) M a n i f o l d t a b l e
The m a n i f o l d Table is th e o n e t h a t
shows m o r e t h a n t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
E.x.,
clas boys girls tota
s rural urban rural urban l
mAR uNM mAR uNM mAR uNM mAR uNM
ARR ARR ARR ARR
RIE I ED RIE I ED RIE I ED RIE I ED
D D D D
1 1 th 5 55 10 90 2 8 5 25 200
B.A. 5 15 15 35 4 4 4 18 1 00
(I )
B.A. 5 10 15 30 2 3 5 10 80
( II )
B.A. 5 5 20 20 3 2 2 3 60
(III )
TOTA 20 85 60 175 11 17 16 56 440
L
 Classification of d a t a and
t a b u l a r presentation
i) Q u a l i t a t i v e c l a s s if i ca t io n
Qualitative d a t a occours when the d a t a a r e
cla s s if ied on t h e b a s i s of q u a l i t a t i v e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for a p h e n o m e n o n . E.x.,

U n em p lo ye me n t in P h i l i p p i n e s by
sex a n d location
location
sex rural Urban
Male 20 10
Female 30 20
Total 50 30
ii) Q u a n t i t a t i v e c l a ssi f i c a t io n
I n t e m p o r a l c l a ss if ic a ti o n d a t a is
c l a s s i f i e d on th e b a s i s of q u a n t i t a t i v e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a p h e n o m e n o n . E.x.,
M a r k s o b t a i n e d by s t u d e n t s of
c l a s s 11 t h
marks No. o f s t u d e n t s
0-10 3
10-20 7
20-30 12
30-40 22
40-50 32