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Introduction To Microbiology: Dr. Venkata Krishna B. (M.SC., NET., PH.D.)

The document provides an introduction to microbiology including defining microbes, why microbiology is important in nursing, the different types of microorganisms studied including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths, and viruses. It also discusses bacterial, fungal, and viral structure.

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218 views

Introduction To Microbiology: Dr. Venkata Krishna B. (M.SC., NET., PH.D.)

The document provides an introduction to microbiology including defining microbes, why microbiology is important in nursing, the different types of microorganisms studied including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths, and viruses. It also discusses bacterial, fungal, and viral structure.

Uploaded by

Peak Level
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Microbiology

By
Dr. Venkata Krishna B. (M.Sc., NET., Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Microbiology
Indian Academy Degree College
9035215077
Microbes
– Microbes are single celled organisms

– Too small to be seen with the naked eye

– No distinct tissues

– They are found practically EVERYWHERE on earth

– Also commonly known as bugs, germs and microbes


Why is Microbiology Important
in Nursing?
 To know the principles of Disinfection,
Antisepsis and Sterilization
 Specimen Collection methods
 Spread and controlling modes of Infection
 Susceptibility and Resistance to drugs by
microbes
 Control cross infections
 Importance of Prevention and Vaccination
Microorganisms - what comes to
mind?
 Diseases
 Infections
 Epidemics
 Food Spoilage
 Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
 About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant
diseases
 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
What organisms are considered to be
microbial cells and studied in microbiology

1. BACTERIA
2. FUNGI
3. ALGAE
4. PROTOZOA
5. Viruses (although not a cellular entity but an
intracellular pathogen)
6. Prions (misfolded proteins)
7. Helminths Worms (multicellular)
Branches of Study

 Bacteriology study of bacteria

 Mycology study of fungi and yeast

 Virology study of viruses

 Parasitology study of parasitic protozoans and helminthes


 Protozoology Study of protozoans

 Immunology study of the humoral and cellular immune


response to disease agents and allergens
• Phycology study of algae
General Characteristics

 Prokaryotes no nucleus and organelles

 Eukaryotes membrane bound nucleus


and organelles

 Acellular agents genomes contain either


DNA or RNA; newer agent
is proteinaceous
Binomial Nomenclature

 Carolus Linnaeus introduced the binomial system of


scientific nomenclature
 Each organism has two names: the genus and species
 Italicized or underline
 Genus name is capitalized and species in lower case.
Scientific Names
Staphylococcus aureus
describes clustered arrangement of cells and golden
yellow color of colonies

Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich and
describes its habitat, the colon.
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
Divides by Binary fission
Most are helpful or harmless. But some cause
disease QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
Some bacteria are good for us are needed to see this picture.
Good bacteria live in our intestines
They are found everywhere on earth, in the
ocean, in rocks, in volcanoes, in our bodies and in
the soil

Ex: Escherichia coli


Bacterial Structure
Cell Membrane
Chromosome

Cell wall Cytoplasm

Chromosome: DNA material of the cell


Cell wall: Composed of peptidoglycan the cell wall maintains the
overall shape of a bacterial cell
Cell membrane: Lining the inside of the cell wall it provides a boundary for
the contents of the cell and a barrier to substances entering
and leaving.
Cytoplasm: Describes the inside of the cell and the contents
Archaea bacteria

Prokaryotes
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
(extremophiles)
Include:
 Methanogens
 Extreme halophiles
 Extreme thermophiles
Fungi

Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
Molds and mushrooms are needed to see this picture.

are multicellular

Yeasts are unicellular


Fungi

 The largest and most versatile of all microbes

 Fungi can be very helpful and humans have used them in

 The food industry - brewing beer, making bread rise

 Medicine – making antibiotics

 Fungi can be found in the air, on plants and in water


Fungal Structure
Sporangia

Sporangiophore

Rhiz oids

Sporangia:
Spore producing body. 
Sporangiophore:
Filamentous stalk on which the sporangium forms.
Rhizoids:
The sub-surface hyphae are specialized for food absorption.
Protozoa

Eukaryotes
Mostly saprobes and
commensals QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
May be motile by means
of pseudopod, cilia or
flagella
Algae

Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Photosynthetic QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Produce molecular oxygen
and organic compounds
Part of food chain
Helminths

Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms and QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
roundworms called are needed to see this picture.

helminths
Viruses

Acellular

Obligate intracellular parasites

Genome consist of DNA or RNA called Core

Core surrounded by protein coat called Capsid

Virion may be enclosed in lipid envelope

Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. They


infect other cells and take over their reproductive
machinery in order to reproduce.
Viral Structure
Envelope
Envelope
• Double lipid layer holding the cells
genetic material.
Nucleic acid
Glycoproteins
These serve 2 purposes
Glycoproteins
• Anchor the virus to the host cell.
• Transport genetic material from the
virus to the host cell.
 
Nucleic acid
Complex
(Bacteriophage – a virus which infects • Either DNA or RNA material.
bacteria)
Viral Shapes
There are 3 different shapes of Virus

Icosahedral Helical
(Influenza) (Tobacco mosaic virus)

Complex
(Bacteriophage – a virus which infects
bacteria)
Prions

Proteinaceous infectious
agents

Causes Bovine Spongiform


Encephalopathy (BSE) QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Also causes Creutzfeldt-


Jacob Disease (CJD)

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