Malayan Colleges Laguna

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE 122
AC Apparatus THREE-PHASE
and TRANSFORMERS
Devices

Prepared by:
Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.
 OBJECTIVES
 Explain the different transformer connections of three-
phase transformers and their applications.
 Discuss three-phase connections of transformers using
single-phase transformers.
 Analyze and solve problems regarding transformer
connections.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
1) Using three independent single-phase transformers
2) Using three sets of windings wrapped on a single core

Three-phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

Three-phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

Three-phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 INTRODUCTION
 A single three-phase transformer is lighter, smaller,
cheaper, and slightly more efficient.
 Three separate single-phase transformers has the
advantage that each unit in the bank could be
maintained individually.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
1) Wye-wye (Y-Y)
2) Wye-delta (Y-∆)
3) Delta-wye (∆-Y)
4) Delta-delta (∆-∆)

 Three-phase transformer can use three single-phase

transformers.
 Three-phase transformer calculations can be done on a
per-phase basis using same techniques for single-phase
transformers.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-wye (Y-Y) Connection

Three-phase transformer Y-Y connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-wye (Y-Y) Connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr. Three-phase transformer Y-Y connection

 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-wye (Y-Y) Connection Voltage Relationship

VLP 3 VP
 a (Y-Y)
VLS 3 VS

Problems with Y-Y connection:

 If loads on the transformer circuit are unbalanced, then the
voltages on the phases of the transformer can become severely
unbalanced.
 Third harmonic voltages can be large.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-wye (Y-Y) Connection Voltage Relationship

Techniques for solving unbalanced and third-harmonic problems:

1. Solidly ground the neutrals of the transformers.
2. Add a third (tertiary) winding connected in ∆.
o One-third power rating of the main windings.
o Can be used to provided external power.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Checkpoint 1
 If IA and Ia are the primary and secondary line currents in an ideal
Y-Y 3-phase transformer, find the ratio IA /Ia.

 𝐼 𝐴  𝐼 𝑎

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-delta (Y-∆) Connection

Three-phase transformer Y-∆ connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-delta (Y-∆) Connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
Three-phase transformer Y-∆ connection
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Wye-delta (Y-∆) Connection Voltage Relationship

V LP 3 VP
  3 a (Y-∆)
V LS VS

 Y-Δ connection solves problem with unbalanced loads as Δ side

partially redistributes any imbalances that occurs.
 Third harmonic voltages is no problem as they are consumed by
circulating currents in the ∆ side.
 One problem with Y-∆ is that the secondary voltage is shifted 30o
relative to the primary voltage, which is a concern when
connecting 3-phase transformers in parallel.
 A phase sequence of ABC will cause the secondary voltage to lag
the primary. An ACB sequence will cause the secondary voltage to
lead the primary.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Checkpoint 2
 Draw the phasor diagram of the secondary line voltages of a 3-
phase Y-∆ connected transformer if the primary voltage VAB
= |VAB| with
o
0 a positive phase sequence.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-wye (∆-Y) Connection

Three-phase transformer ∆-Y connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-wye (∆-Y) Connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr. Three-phase transformer ∆-Y connection

 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-wye (∆-Y) Connection Voltage Relationship
V LP VP a
  (∆-Y)
VLS 3 VS 3

 This connection has the same advantages and the same phase
shift as the Y-∆ transformer.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-delta (∆-∆) Connection

Three-phase transformer ∆- ∆ connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-delta (∆-∆) Connection

C. G. Manalo, Jr. Three-phase transformer ∆- ∆ connection

 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Delta-delta (∆- ∆) Connection Voltage Relationship
VLP VP
 a (∆-∆)
VLS VS

 This connection has no phase shift associated with it and no

problems with unbalanced loads or harmonics.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Illustrative Problem 1
δ A 50-kVA, 13,800/208-V, ∆--Y distribution transformer has an
impedance referred to the primary side ZeqP = 114.2 + j800 Ω.
Calculate the transformer voltage regulation at full load and 0.8 PF
lagging.
δ Solution:
IφS

IφP
Load

50 kVA ∆-Y 3-phase Transformer

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Illustrative Problem 1
Solution from the secondary side:
aIφP ReqS jXeqS IφS
+ +

VφP /a VφS = 120 V

- -

Per-phase approximate equivalent circuit of the 3-phase transformer

with respect from the secondary side (without the excitation branch)

 2  ReqP  jX eqP 
1 13800
ReqS  jX eqS a  115
a (208 / 3 )
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Illustrative Problem 1
At full load, the transformer can be assumed to deliver 50 kVA to the
load at 208 V line-to-line or 50/3 kVA per phase at 120 V line-to-phase.
50,000 / 3
VS  120 V I S  ( cos 1 0.8)  138.889  36.87 A
120

VP  114 .2  j800 

 120 0  138.889  36.87
o
2 
a  115 

VP
 126.1432.7 o V
a

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Illustrative Problem 1

VPnl
VLSnl  V LSfl 3VSnl  3VSfl  VSfl
VR    a
V LSfl 3VSfl VSfl
126.143  120
VR   100%
120

VR  5.12%

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Illustrative Problem 2
δ A three-phase transformer bank is to handle 500 kVA and have a
voltage ratio of 34.5/11-kV. Find the rating of each individual
transformer in the bank (high voltage, low voltage, turns ratio, and
apparent power) if the transformer bank is connected to, Y-Y, Y-∆,
∆-Y, ∆-∆ .

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 THANK YOU

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 REFERENCE(S):
1. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman, 5th Edition,
Mc-Graw Hill.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.