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CPU - Central Processing Unit

The CPU consists of 6 main components that work together: the control unit, ALU, registers, cache, buses, and clock. The control unit directs the fetch-decode-execute cycle and issues control signals. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. Registers temporarily store data and instructions. The cache stores frequently used data to speed up processing. Buses transmit data and signals within the CPU. The clock coordinates all components and keeps them synchronized.

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Jay Ambadkar
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2K views

CPU - Central Processing Unit

The CPU consists of 6 main components that work together: the control unit, ALU, registers, cache, buses, and clock. The control unit directs the fetch-decode-execute cycle and issues control signals. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. Registers temporarily store data and instructions. The cache stores frequently used data to speed up processing. Buses transmit data and signals within the CPU. The clock coordinates all components and keeps them synchronized.

Uploaded by

Jay Ambadkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CPU – Central Processing

Unit
The 'brain' of a computer where most calculations are performed
executes programs using the fetch-decode-execute cycle
Components and Composition

 The CPU consists of 6 main components that all work together


to allow processing and system control

• The CPU usually sits on the


motherboard / logic board

 Without most of these components a CPU, and therefore most of a computer, would not function
properly
 Control Unit
 Does FDE cycle
 Issues control signals for hardware
 Moves data around the system
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Performs arithmetic and logical operations, calculations are done and decisions made
 Also acts as a gateway between primary memory and secondary storage (data passes through the ALU
first)
 Registers
 Small quantities of high-speed memory in CPU
 Stores data needed for processing, f or example:
 Address of next instruction
 Current instruction being decoded
 Results of calculations

 Different processors have different registers for different things, but most
have:
 Program counter
 Memory address register (MAR)
 Memory data register (MDR)
 Current instruction register (CIR)
 Accumulator (ACC)
 Cache
 Small amount of quick random-access memory (RAM) inside the CPU for holding data that will probably
be reused.
 Makes processing faster by removing fetching times from primary memory
 Buses
 High-speed internal connection
 Sends control signals and data between CPU and other components
 There are 3 main types of bus:
 Address Bus – Carries memory addresses from processor to components such as primary memory and input /
output devices
 Data Bus – carries the data itself between processor and other components
 Clock
 Co-ordinates all components and keeps the computer in sync by means of a regular electrical pulse
 The frequency of this is known as clock speed measured in hertz (cycles per second (Hz))
 The higher the Hz, the more FDEs (fetch-decode-execute cycles) performed at any moment
 Processors used to run between 3 and 5 MHz (1 megahertz = 1 000 000 cycles per second)
 Now they run between 3 and 5 GHz (1 gigahertz = 1 000 000 000 cycles per second)
Processing

 CPU design, memory and buses’ speeds will all affect the performance of a
computer and each one can be a limiting factor
 Benchmarking can be done to assess a computer’s performance
 There is different benchmark software for different purposes; a computer with a
CPU designed for data analysis will differ from one that is meant for 3D modelling
 CPUs are historically made faster by making all its components better,
transistors smaller and adding more, and
 Different CPUs can have different numbers of cores
 A core is one processing unit and each one has ab ALU, Control Unit and
Registers.
 Adding more cores will increase the clock speed in most cases and allows the
CPU to process more things at once

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