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Basic Radiation Safety Awarness Training

Radiation is energy that comes in waves or particles. Ionizing radiation can damage cells by altering atoms or damaging DNA, potentially leading to mutations and cancer. The main types of ionizing radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. Non-ionizing radiation like infrared and microwaves cannot damage DNA. Radiation exposure is measured in units of rads or grays, with higher doses causing more harm. Radiation safety aims to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable through principles like time, distance, and shielding. Proper monitoring and following regulations help limit health risks from radiation.

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Anton Prasad
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428 views46 pages

Basic Radiation Safety Awarness Training

Radiation is energy that comes in waves or particles. Ionizing radiation can damage cells by altering atoms or damaging DNA, potentially leading to mutations and cancer. The main types of ionizing radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. Non-ionizing radiation like infrared and microwaves cannot damage DNA. Radiation exposure is measured in units of rads or grays, with higher doses causing more harm. Radiation safety aims to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable through principles like time, distance, and shielding. Proper monitoring and following regulations help limit health risks from radiation.

Uploaded by

Anton Prasad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC RADIATION SAFETY

AWARENESS TRAINING
A View of Effects and Protection
What is Radiation ?

Radiation is an energy in the


form of waves or particles.
Background Radiation
Radiation
• Types of radiation
– Ionizing: removes electrons from atoms
• Particulate (alphas and betas)
• Waves (gamma and X-rays)

– Non-ionizing (electromagnetic): can't remove electrons from


atoms
• infrared, visible, microwaves, radar, radio waves,
lasers
Types of Radiation

• Ionising Radiations • Non Ionising Radiations

• X-Rays • Lasers
• Gamma Rays (-rays) • Ultraviolet (UV)
• Alpha Particles (α) • Infrared (IR)
• Beta Particles () • Ultrasound
• Electron Beams • MRI
X-rays characteristics
• Highly penetrating, invisible rays
• Electrically neutral
• Travel in straight lines.
• Travel with the speed of light in vaccum:
300, 000 km/sec or 186, 400 miles/sec.
• Ionize matter by removing orbital electrons
• Induce fluorescense in some substances. Fluorescent screen
glow after being stricken with photons.
• Can't be focused by lenses nor by collimators.
light

X-rays
kVp - kilovolt peak:  Thousands of volts of electric
potential applied accross cathode and anode. In a
diagnostic radiology this potential ranges from 50 -150
kVp ( excluding mammography.) Anode is highly positively
charged electrode and attracts the electrons. The higher
the kVp, the faster the electrons travel from cathode to
anode, as a result, the electromagnetic photons have
higher energy. Consequently, kVp controls the energy
( quality) of an x-ray beam, not the speed of photons.
Speed of photons is constant.
Low kVp
High kVp
mA
mA - milliampere: Number of
electrons traveling from cathode to
anode. mA describes x-ray tube current.
Low mA
High mA
Relative penetrating ability of
ionizing radiation in tissue

Alpha

(Several layers of skin) Beta

Gamma

Neutron

102-12
Why is Radiation Harmful?

Radiation deposits small amounts of energy, or "heat" in


matter
Alters atoms

Damage to cells & DNA causes mutations and cancer

Much of the resulting damage is from the production of ions


The time scales for the short and long term effects of radiation are
symbolized in the figure and listed in the table
Biological Effects in Radiation

Deterministic Effect Stochastic Effect

Effects on Organs

Skin Damage
Damages to
Reproductive system
Blood forming system Heredity effects
Digestive system
Central nervous system
Cataract
immunization system
Biological Effects
• Many groups exposed to ionizing radiation at high
levels resulted in adverse effects.
• Somatic effects
– Prompt - skin burns and cataracts
– Delayed - cancer
• Genetic effect
Radiation Burns
500+ rad Radiation Burns

5,000+ rad

P-32 - 6.5 rad/hr/uCi

S-35 - 2.5 rad/hr/uCi


Radiation effect on embryo and fetus

• Effect to infants due to exposure of the


embryo or fetus to radiation

Severe mental retardation and congenital


malformation (Deterministic effect)
Cancer

• Radiation can damage cells through two


methods;
– Production of free radicals and
– Direct damage to the DNA.
How to Protect from Radiation?
Principles of Radiation Protection
• Three principles
– Justification of a practice : No exposure unless
there is a real benefit
– Individual Dose Limits : No unacceptable dose or
risk levels
– Optimization of Protection : ALARA approach
ALARA
• ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable

• Decrease Time
• Increase Distance (Inverse square law)
• Increase Shielding
ALARA Principles
WHY ~> MINIMIZE DOSE
•
Time Shielding

Distance
Time
Less time = Less radiation exposure

Pre-plan the experiment/procedure


to minimize exposure time.
Distance
• Effective & Easy
• Inverse Square Law
– Doubling distance from source, decreases
dose by factor of four
– Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold
• More Distance = Less Radiation
Exposure
Shielding

• Materials “absorb” radiation


• Proper shielding = Less Radiation
Exposure
• Plexiglass vs. Lead
Types of Radiation Exposure
Occupational Exposure
• Exposure of workers…..incurred at work as result of situations
which reasonably can be regarded as responsibility of management

Medical exposure
• Exposure of patients… due to medical diagnosis or treatment

Public exposure
• .. all other than occupational and medical..

Natural exposure
• Exposure due to unmodified natural sources & levels &
concentrations in the natural living environment.
How to know if you are near radiation
source or radiation area- Symbols?
NEW RADIATION SYMBOL
ICRP recommendations
Individual dose limits
For occupational exposure in normal situations

• Effective dose 100 mSv in 5 consecutive years


50 mSv in any single year
• Skin / hands / feet 500 mSv per year
• Eye lens 150 mSv per year
• Unborn child 1 mSv in remainder period of pregnancy

For Public Exposure in normal exposure situations

• Effective dose 1 mSv in 5 consecutive years


5 mSv in any single year
• Skin 50 mSv per year
• Eye lens 15 mSv per year

No individual dose limits for Medical Exposure of patients.


Personal monitoring device

• Do not store badges in a place in


radiation area.

• TLD should be worn in chest level.

• If a protective apron is worn, the


badge should be worn under the
apron.
Personal monitoring device
• While leaving the premises of the Institute, workers should deposit their TLD badges in the
place designated by RSO to keep TLD badges. Also when not involving in radiation work,
badges should be kept at the same place.
• Whenever working in the radiation field, TLD badge should always be worn by the radiation
worker.
• A TLD badge allotted to one user should not be shared by any other person.
• Read the personal monitoring number and name of radiation worker mentioned on the TLD
badge carefully before picking it up to wear every time. This reduces the chance of wearing
wrong or other worker’s TLD.
• Radiation worker is not allowed to take TLD home or outside the designated working place.
• If any radiation worker is transferred to non radiation area, takes very long leave (i.e.
Months long leave) or resigns his/her work, he/she has responsibility to submit his/her TLD
to RSO immediately.
• If a TLD card is lost, Inform immediately to RSO.
• It is individual’s duty to get his/her TLD cards exchanged with new TLD cards after the
service period as soon as possible, when information regarding availability of new TLD cards
is conveyed to you, without delay.
• If the any Radiation Worker felt himself/herself got the accidental exposure, report
immediately to RSO.
Protection from External Exposure

Protective Devices
Shielding
lab coats
gloves,
Masks
eye protection
proper monitoring
public perception
Emergency Response

• Unsafe radiological conditions should be promptly

reported to the RSO.


• Report emergencies such as personnel contamination,
radioactive spills, lost or stolen radioactive material (including
waste) or other potentially hazardous conditions.
• Any accident involving medical emergencies, shall take
priority over the concern for radioactivity.
More Radiation Misconceptions

 Radiation does not  Radiation will not


give you super human make you glow in
powers the dark
THANK YOU

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