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States of Matter

This document summarizes the key properties of different states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and some other states. It notes that solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles that vibrate in place. Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, and can flow into containers. Gases have no definite shape or volume, and their particles spread out to fill containers. Other states discussed include plasma, which is an electrically conductive state formed by heating or electromagnetic fields, and Bose-Einstein condensates, an ultra-cold state of matter formed by cooling boson gases to near absolute zero.

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JASHITH SHARMA
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126 views7 pages

States of Matter

This document summarizes the key properties of different states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and some other states. It notes that solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles that vibrate in place. Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, and can flow into containers. Gases have no definite shape or volume, and their particles spread out to fill containers. Other states discussed include plasma, which is an electrically conductive state formed by heating or electromagnetic fields, and Bose-Einstein condensates, an ultra-cold state of matter formed by cooling boson gases to near absolute zero.

Uploaded by

JASHITH SHARMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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States Of Matter

- Jashith Sharma
Solid
 Solid is a state of matter in which the molecules are closely
packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy.
In solid the particles are strong enough that the particles cannot
move freely; they can only vibrate. As a result, a solid is stable
 Characteristic of solid are as follow:-
1. Strong intermolecular forces
2. Particles vibrate in place
3. Low kinetic energy (ke)
4. Definite shape
5. Definite volume
6. Incompressible
7. High density (as compared to same substance as a liquid or gas)
8. Low rate of diffusion (millions of times slower than in liquids)
Liquid
• A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its
container but retains a constant volume independent of pressure. As such,
it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others
being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume
but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of
matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Like a gas, a
liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist
compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid
does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly
constant density.
• Liquid have a fixed volume
• But no fixed shape.
• Liquids can be compressed. Large pressure is required to compress them.
• Liquids have lesser densities than solids.
• Intermolecular forces of attraction is weaker than solids.
• They have considerable space between the particles.
Gas
• Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others
being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of
individual atoms (E.G. A noble gas like neon), elemental molecules
made from one type of atom (E.G. Oxygen), or compound molecules
made from A variety of atoms (E.G. Carbon dioxide). A gas mixture,
such as air, contains A variety of pure gases. Because most gases are
difficult to observe directly, they are described through the use of
four physical properties or macroscopic characteristics: pressure
volume, number of particles . most gases are colorless, like
hydrogen. Gas particles will spread about, or diffuse, in order to fill
all the space in any container such as A bottle or A room. Compared
to liquids and solids, gases have A very low density and viscosity
Some Other States Of Matter
• Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, first systematically
studied by Irving Langmuir in the 1920’s
• Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting
it to a strong electromagnetic field. The presence of free charged particles
makes plasma electrically conductive,  the response of plasma to
electromagnetic fields is used in many modern technological devices, such
as plasma televisions or plasma etching.
• In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state
of matter (also called the fifth state of matter) which is typically formed
when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close
to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). A BEC is formed by cooling a
gas of extremely low density (about one-hundred-thousandth (1/100,000)
the density of normal air) to ultra-low temperatures.
• This state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–1925 by Albert Einstein
following and crediting a pioneering paper by Satyendra Nath Bose on the
new field now known as quantum statistics.

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